GIFT   OF 


THE 

ANALYSIS 
OF  LIGHT 


• 


O"> on 


THE  ANALYSIS 
OF  LIGHT 

A  FQRCE  OF  NATURE 

BY 

CHAS.  M.  ROUSSEAU 


1660  SACRAMENTO  STREET 
SAN  FRANCISCO,  CALIFORNIA,  U.  S.  A. 

1913 


Copyrighted  by  CHAS,  M.  ROUSSEAU 
January  1913 


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LOUIS     ROESCH     CO. 

LITHOGRAPHERS  AND   PRINTERS 

SAN    FRANCISCO.  CAL. 


Introduction. 

ALTHOUGH  this  treatise  is  entitled  "Light,"  there  will  be  no 
pretense  on  the  part  of  the  author  to  offer  a  new  theory  on 
the  subject.    It  is,  however,  the  purpose  of  the  writer  to  present 
facts,   based   upon   simple  experiments,  which  will  positively 
demonstrate  that  light  is  a  force  of  nature  produced  only  by  the  ex- 
penditure of  energy. 

Everything  in  nature,  visible  or  invisible,  moves  only  by  the  appli- 
cation of  energy.  In  the  case  of  "Light,"  the  energy  is  always  applied 
upon  invisible  elements  which,  without  being  perceived  by  the  eye, 
move  and  communicate  the  sensation  of  light  by  means  of  the  force 
derived  from  that  energy.  The  difference  between  this  energy  and  the 
force  of  light  will  be  fully  explained. 

The  forces  of  nature,  so-called,  are  all  alike  and  are  really  but  one 
force.  The  seeming  variations  produced  are  the  direct  result  of  the 
manner  in  which  this  force  is  applied  upon  inert  matter,  the  elements 
and  different  bodies.  This  same  force,  acting  in  conjunction  with  cer- 
tain elements,  will  produce  and  impress  upon  the  visual  nerves  that 
which  is  called  "Light,"  while  this  very  same  force,  acting  upon  other 
gaseous  matters,  will  impart  the  sensation  of  "sound"  motion,  or  give 
the  impression  of  "heat."  The  difference  in  the  manifestations  of 
these  results  is  due  entirely  to  the  nature  of  the  elements  upon  which 
and  the  manner  in  which  the  energy  is  applied.  The  force,  however, 
is  one  and  the  same.  This  being  so,  whenever  energy  is  applied,  one 
or  more  of  these  results  must  become  manifest.  Frequently,  light, 
sound,  heat  and  motion  will  jointly  result  from  the  same  exertion  of 
energy,  as  is  illustrated  by  the  discharge  of  a  fire-arm. 

It  is  this  same  invisible  force  which  rotates  the  earth,  moves  the 
ocean  and  the  atmosphere,  creates  the  seasons,  provides  those  elements 
which  are  essential  to  the  continuance  of  life,  and  gives  life  itself  to 
the  animals  and  the  vegetable  kingdom.  A  complete  understanding  of 
this  universal  force  will  be  necessary  before  satisfactory  knowledge  of 
its  various  phenomena  can  be  obtained. 

Light  is  the  result  of  energy,  and  as  such  is  conveyed  across  space 
and  felt  upon  the  visual  nerves.  It  is  a  force  which  can  be  measured 
and  accounted  for  in  every  respect.  There  can  be  no  imaginary  waves 
of  rarefied  and  condensed  air  vibrating  themselves  into  space  by  a  sort 
of  perpetual  motion  movement,  nor  can  we  have  any  corpuscles  of 
light  passing  through  an  imaginary  ethereal  medium,  there  is  no  cause 
or  reason  for  the  same. 

Light  is  always  a  chemical  action,  while  sound  is  a  mechanical 
operation,  and  heat  the  result  of  molecular  resistance.  We  thus  have 
the  principal  differences  between  the  three  forces.  Therefore,  when- 
ever energy  is  applied  and  these  three  actions,  the  chemical,  the 
mechanical  and  the  molecular,  occur  together,  the  result  will  be  light, 
sound,  and  heat. 

There  will  be  no  attempt  made  to  discuss  the  merits  of  either 
the  corpuscular  or  vibrating  theories.  A  few  analytic  experiments 
will  prove  both  of  these  theories  groundless  and  useless.  Furthermore, 
it  will  be  shown  that  the  force  of  light  does  not  begin  nor  propagate 
in  the  manner  and  by  the  means  taught  by  those  theories. 

Light  is  an  invisible,  imponderable  force  which  cannot  be  incor- 
porated into  the  elements,  matter  or  bodies,  and  therefore  cannot  be 
started,  as  corpuscles  or  air  waves,  nor  set  in  vibratory  motion,  but 
which,  by  virtue  of  this  force,  can  impress  the  optical  nerves  with 
the  sensation  recognized  as  light.  All  forces  of  nature  are  created  by 


the  undoing  of  some  equilibrium  state  and,  therefore,  consist  of  two 
parts,  one  of  which  is  the  positive  part,  which  results  from  the  ex- 
penditure of  energy,  and  which  invariably  undoes  the  state  of  equi- 
librium and  is  thus  consumed.  This  unrestful  condition  calls  into 
existence  the  second,  or  negative,  part  of  the  force,  the  office  of  which 
is  to  re-establish  the  equilibrium,  and  in  that  effort,  to  convey  the 
force  to  the  nerves  and  there  impart  the  intelligence  of  what  has  taken 
place.  The  motion  of  the  force  to  re-establish  an  equilibrium,  there- 
fore, is  toward  the  site  where  it  was  undone.  When  this  acts  upon 
the  visual  nerves,  it  gives  the  impression  of  light,  while  the  same 
force,  when  received  by  the  aural  nerves,  imparts  the  sensation  of 
sound,  and  when  in  communication  with  other  nerves,  is  felt  as  heat. 
The  same  force,  which  forms,  kills  and  renews  the  planets,  creates, 
grows  and  kills  everything  upon  them.  It  is  this  force  which  has 
baffled  the  scientific  world,  and  from  which  much  may  be  anticipated, 
when  once  understood  and  properly  applied  to  the  sciences,  art,  medi- 
cine and  manufacturing. 

There  are  many  means  and  ways  by  which  the  resulting  sensation 
of  light  can  be  obtained.  We  have  light  which  comes  from  combus- 
tion as  from  oil,  coal  or  wood  fire,  explosion  and  chemical  combus- 
tions; the  sun's  or  star  light,  which  is  also  due  to  a  similar  combus- 
tion; electric  light,  incandescent  light,  phosphoresence  and  light  from 
various  substances  heated  to  whiteness ;  and  also  the  so-called  reflected 
light,  such  as  moon  light.  All  bodies  illuminated  are  supposed  to 
reflect  a  certain  portion  of  these  various  kinds  of  light.  All  of  these 
different  classes  of  light  will  be  fully  investigated,  and  will  prove,  when 
reduced  to  a  general  rule,  to  be  the  same  identical  force,  in  all  respects. 

Exp.  1 — The  energy  spent  in  the  discharge  of  a  field  piece  pro- 
duces three  results,  light,  sound  and  heat.  When  stationed  at  a  dis- 
tance from  the  gun,  we  first  notice  the  flash  of  light.  This  force  travels 
at  the  speed  of  192,000  miles  per  second.  Then  we  hear  the  report 
or  sound,  which  force  travels  at  the  rate  of  1118  feet  per  second.  A 
considerable  difference,  you  will  observe,  exists  in  the  rate  of  speed, 
in  so  far  as  the  force  of  light  and  that  of  sound  are  concerned.  We 
can  only  feel  the  heat  by  laying  the  hand  on  the  gun,  in  other  words, 
by  direct  contact  of  the  metal  with  the  nerves.  This  proves  that  heat 
is  the  slowest  moving  force  of  the  three. 

One  explosion  having  produced  the  three  different  results,  the 
chemical  action  gives  the  flash  of  light,  the  mechanical  motion,  the 
sound,  and  the  molecular  expansion  in  the  metal,  the  heat.  We  learn 
that  these  three  results  separate  themselves  readily  and  travel  inde- 
pendently, one  from  the  other,  from  the  beginning,  and  by  different 
rates  of  speed,  so  that  it  will  not  be  a  matter  of  great  difficulty  to 
examine  the  force  of  light  alone,  irrespective  of  the  forces  of  sound 
and  heat. 


The  Analysis  of  Light; 

FIRST  we  must  find  out  what  light  really  is. 
Light  is  one  of  the  many  forms  the  force  of  nature  assumes, 
and  is  the  one  in  particular  by  which  the  optical  nerves  become 
sensitive  to  objects  around  us.    What  we  are  accustomed  to  call 
light  is  the  profuse  image  produced  by  the  action  of  some  luminous 
flame  or  white  hot  body  upon  an  opaque  surface. 

Exp.  2 — To  illustrate  by  an  experiment  the  correctness   of  this 
assertion,  I  will  use  an  ordinary  candle  and  a  double  convex  glass  lens, 

—  4  — 


FIG.l. 


which  is  constructed  upon  the  same 
line  of  curvature  as  the  lenses  of 
the  eyes.  This  experiment  is  best 
made  in  the  evening  or  in  a  dark 
room,  where  conflicting  sources  of 
illumination  can  be  avoided.  By 
lighting  the  candle  and  placing  it 
in  a  holder  upon  a  table,  we  obtain 
a  luminous  flame  and  see  light.  By 
holding  the  lens  at  a  short  distance 
from  the  wall,  between  the  candle 
and  the  wall  (as  shown  at  Fig.  1), 
you  will  observe  an  image  of  the 
flame  reproduced  upon  the  wall  (in 
an  inverted  position),  showing  that 
the  action  of  the  flame  has  repro- 
duced its  image. 

Exp.  3 — By  moving  or  shifting 
the  lens  parallel  with  the  wall  in 
various  directions,  you  will  observe  that  an  image  of  the  flame  follows 
the  movement  and  that  the  image  of  the  flame  is  reproduced  con- 
tinually, and  at  whatever  place  the  lens  segregates  it  from  the  confusion 
of  the  other  images.  This  simple  experiment  proves  that  the  blend- 
ing into  one  of  the  multiple  image,  as  seen  upon  a  wall,  is  what  we 
have  been  accustomed  to  call  light. 

Exp.  4 — The  theories  of  emanation  and  undulation  claim  that 
light  emitted  from  a  luminous  flame  is  cast  in  all  directions  alike.  This 
cannot  be  true,  for  when  I  hold  the  same  lens  between  the  flame  and 
the  ceiling  (as  shown  at  Fig.  2),  it  gives  another  image  of  itself,  entirely 
different  from  that  projected  on  the  wall.  It  naturally  would  follow 
that  the  blending  of  those  images  called  light  at  the  ceiling  is  not  the 
same,  since  it  results  from  a  different  image,  and  differs  in  that  par- 
ticular construction  from  those  called  light  upon  the  wall. 

Exp.  5 — Further,  when  I  hold  the  lens  near  the  floor  (as  shown  at 
Fig.  3),  I  notice  again  a  different  outline  of  the  same  flame,  not  de- 
lineated in  the  same  manner  as  those  on  the  wall  or  on  the  ceiling. 
Therefore,  the  light  resulting  from  the  confusion  of  those  images  can- 


FIG.£. 


FIG.  3. 


—  5  — 


not,  scientifically  speaking,  be  called  the  same  at  these  different  places, 
because  the  original  image  of  the  flame,  from  which  the  light  is  com- 
posed, is  not  the  same.  It  is  not  important  that  the  confusion  of 
images  called  light  should  be  composed  of  images  exactly  alike.  It 
may  even  be  stated  that  every  image  thus  reproduced  is  somewhat 
different  in  outline  from  the  next  one. 

Exp.  6 — If  I  hold  the  lens  a  foot  above  a  line  level  with  the  flame, 
the  image  delineated  upon  the  wall  is  different  from  the  one  obtained 
when  the  lens  is  held  a  foot  below  the  same  level.  These  experi- 
ments demonstrate  that  no  corpuscles  or  waves  of  light  are  required, 
nor  do  they  start  from  the  luminous  flame,  but  that  that  which  is 
reproduced  upon  the  wall  is  only  an  image  caused  by  the  action  at 
the  combustion.  They  also  show  not  only  that  the  image  resembles 
the  original  flame,  with  its  shape  and.  outline,  but  that  although  each 
image  is  a  different  one  from  the  other,  yet  it  conforms  exactly  to  the 
original  picture  of  the  flame  as  it  would  be  seen  if  the  single  image 
were  focused  by  the  lens  of  the  eyes  upon  the  nerves  of  the  retina 
from  that  direction;  for  when  not  segregated,  the  confusion  of  the 
same  image,  when  seen  by  the  lens  of  the  eye,  produces  the  effect 
known  as  light. 

Since  all  luminous  images  and  illuminated  surfaces  reproduce,  in 
this  way,  their  images  in  all  directions,  we  thus  have  the  explanation 
for  the  reason  why  we  can  see  everything  around  us  when  these  are 
focused  by  the  lens  of  the  eye  upon  the  visual  nerves.  If  light  reached 
the  eyes  in  the  shape  of  corpuscles,  by  vibrating  air  motion  or  waves 
of  light,  without  carrying  with  it  the  image  of  the  flame,  it  would  be 
impossible  to  see  the  image.  Since  we  cannot  perceive  anything  out- 
side of  ourselves,  to  see  an  image,  it  must  first  be  focused  upon  the 
nerves  of  the  retina.  The  eyes  are  like  the  chamber  of  a  camera, 
for  if  light  enters  the  space  behind  the  lens,  no  picture  can  be  repro- 
duced. If  it  were  light,  instead  of  the  image,  which  is  cast  every- 
where and  in  all  directions,  then  neither  the  eyes  nor  the  camera  could 
reproduce  any  object.  By  experiments  2,  3,  4  and  5,  it  has,  therefore, 
been  plainly  demonstrated  that  nothing  but  the  image  of  the  flame  is 
reproduced  behind  the  lens. 

These  experiments  give  us  the  basis  from  which  we  can  inquire 
further  into  the  causes  and  means  employed  by  nature  to  reproduce 
this  image  of  the  flame  and  its  subsequent  confused  effect  of  light. 
So  far  we  have  learned  that  light  is  not  cast  from  luminous  flames, 
as  the  rays  of  light,  but  that  light  is  the  result  of  the  reproduction  of 
the  original  flame  seen  in  a  confused  blended  form  upon  opaque  sur- 
faces. These  few  experiments  place  us  far  in  advance  of  both  theories 
heretofore  referred  to,  since  we  know,  now,  that  it  would  be  useless 
to  search  for  those  corpuscles  which  are  supposed  to  be  shot  from  the 
flame  through  ethereal  medium,  as  we  are  taught  by  the  emission 
theory,  and  further,  that  the  wave  theory  may  be  ignored  entirely  since 
the  vibrating  or  wave  motion  of  an  image  could  not  improve  its  sharp 
delineation  upon  the  eye  or  upon  the  wall. 

By  further  inquiries,  we  shall  actually  discover  that  what  really 
takes  place  is  the  reverse  of  the  teachings  of  these  theories,  for,  no 
sooner  have  I  ignited  the  candle  than,  instead  of  its  starting  vibrating 
waves  and  emitting  corpuscles,  it  commences  to  substract  the  oxygen 
from  the  air ;  the  motion  of  this  invisible  gas  is  toward  the  flame  which 
moves  in  the  opposite  direction  from  that  taught  in  both  theories.  A 
flame  cannot  cast  away  corpuscles  or  start  vibrating  waves,  but  it  does 
certainly  withdraw  and  consume  the  oxygen  of  the  air.  The  nerves 
of  the  retina  can  feel  and  convey  to  the  brain  the  knowledge  that  this 
invisible  substraction  is  taking  place,  because  it  is  substracted  in  the 

—  6  — 


FIG.4 


shape  of  and  in  the  form 
which  corresponds  with  the 
outline  of  the  flame,  no  matter 
from  what  direction  it  is  pro- 
duced. Consequently,  should 
one  image  not  be  singled  out 
or  segregated  by  means  of  the 
lens  of  the  eyes,  or  by  some 
similar  shaped  lens  of  glass, 
the  multiple  blended  images 
would  appear  then  as  one  con- 
fused compound  of  all  the 
original  images,  blended  to- 
gether and  called  "Light." 

Exp.  7 — Now,  if  I  place 
an  ordinary  drinking  glass 
bottom  up  over  the  lighted 
candle,  using  the  precaution 
to  rest  the  glass  in  a  saucer 
filled  with  water,  in  such  manner  that  no  air  can  enter  (as  shown 
by  Fig.  4),  you  will  observe  that,  as  soon  as  the  oxygen  confined  under 
the  glass  is  consumed,  the  water  is  lifted  to  replace  the  space  pre- 
viously occupied  by  this  oxygen.  This  experiment  shows,  when 
the  contents  under  the  glass  is  examined,  that  all  the  oxygen  has  been 
substracted  by  the  combustion,  and  that  only  nitrogen  remains.  It  was 
this  substraction  which  created  the  force  which  lifted  the  water  in  the 
effort  to  re-establish  an  equilibrium.  Not  being  able  to  draw  upon 
more  oxygen,  it  spent  its  force  as  was  disclosed  by  the  visible  motion 
upon  the  water.  This  illustrates  how  the  force  of  light  can  be  trans- 
formed into  motion  heat  or  sound,  when  the  proper  conditions  are 
present. 

Exp.  8 — We  have  now  presented  to  us  the  force  of  light,  an  ele- 
ment of  no  small  importance.  When  I  measure  the  quantity  of  water 
lifted  in  the  last  experiment,  I  find  that  in  ten  seconds  an  ordinary 
candle  flame  lifts  six  ounces  of  water.  This  would  make  thirty-six 
ounces  per  minute,  which  is  equivalent  to  three  pounds  of  water,  or 
one  hundred  and  eighty  pounds  per  hour  and  more  than  two  tons  of 
water  in  twenty-four  hours. 

This  experiment  shows  that  work  and  labor  can  be  done  by  the 
force  of  light  and,  as  nature  employs  nothing  but  this  force  in  all  its 
work,  it  will  certainly  be  a  step  further  in  the  march  of  progress,  when 
once  this  force  is  sufficiently  understood  to  enable  us  to  appreciate  the 
simplicity  in  the  method  employed  by  the  sun,  whereby  it  rotates  the 
earth,  produces  the  seasons,  magnetizes  the  poles,  rocks  the  ocean, 
shifts  the  atmosphere,  purifies  the  air  and  provides  the  needs  of  life. 

It  is  this  same  force  which,  when  focused  upon  the  nerves  of  the 
eyes,  draws  in  similar  manner  upon  the  elements  of  which  the  optical 
nerves  are  composed  (oxygen  and  hydrogen),  and  which  creates  a 
difference  of  density  further  recognized  at  the  brain  as  the  sensation 
of  light. 


Nature's  Force. 

THE  force  of  nature  is  invisible  and  imponderable  and,  as  it  is 
entirely  foreign  to   matter   of   any  kind,   it  cannot  be  incor- 
porated into  any  of  its  parts  or  branches.    All  matter  is  inert 
and  cannot  move,  live,  grow  or  die  without  this  force,  which 
is  its  prime  motor.     Even  the  Universe,  with  all  its  stars  and  planets, 
follows  faithfully  the  simple  rules  set  down  by  this  imponderable  force. 
It  is  therefore  the  only  medium  nature  employs  to  do  its  work. 

I  have  made  a  distinction  herein  between  energy  and  what  I  have 
termed  the  "Force  of  Nature,"  because  the  former  must  always  be 
used  to  create  the  latter.  No  force  of  nature  can  be  started  without 
the  use  of  energy.  It  is  only  by  the  action  of  this  energy  that  an 
equilibrium  can  be  rendered  into  a  non-equilibrated  condition.  It  is 
the  effort  of  these  non-equilibrated  parts  to  re-establish  the  equilibrium 
which  constitutes  the  "Force  of  Nature." 

The  force  of  nature  consists  of  two  parts,  the  positive,  which  in- 
variably results  from  the  energy  which  undoes  the  state  of  equilibrium, 
and  the  negative,  which  re-establishes  it.  It  is  the  latter  force  which 
conveys  and  imparts  the  intelligence  of  light,  sound,  heat  and  other 
phenomena. 

All  elements,  bodies  or  matter  of  any  kind,  to  be  in  equilibrium 
with  their  surroundings,  must  have  the  same  density  as  the  surrounding 
medium  in  which  they  exist.  When  some  energy  undoes  that  equi- 
librium, the  positive  force  starts  the  negative  force  and  thus  conveys 
the  knowledge  of  what  is  taking  place. 

Exp.  9 — When  I  ignite  the  candle,  I  use  my  personal  energy. 
This  is  kept  going  by  the  energy  in  the  combustion,  which  creates  the 
positive  part  of  the  force  by  withdrawing  the  oxygen  from  the  atmos- 
pheric mixture.  In  this  way  the  state  of  equilibrium  is  undone  by  the 
changing  of  the  density  of  the  air,  which  in.  a  state  of  equilibrium  is 
composed  in  each  100  parts,  by  weight,  of  23.01  oxygen  and  76.99 
nitrogen.  When  the  oxygen  is  absorbed  and  consumed,  only  76.99 
nitrogen  out  of  100  in  weight  remains.  It  is  this  difference  in  the 
density  which  is  the  negative  part  of  the  force  and  which  further  con- 
veys and  imparts  the  sensation  of  light.  It  was  this  same  differential 
density  which,  in  Experiment  7,  lifted  the  water  in  the  glass. 

When  the  oxygen  rushes  into  the  free  nitrogen  to  re-establish  equi- 
librium, it  conveys  the  differential  density  along  and  upon  the  wall 
and  the  lenses  of  the  eyes.  It  is  this  force  of  difference  of  density 
that  is  recognized  by  the  nerves  and  brain  as  light,  when  it  produces 
upon  them  the  same  relaxation  of  differential  density. 

It  has  been  proved  by  Experiment  7,  Fig.  4,  that  the  oxygen  under 
the  glass  was  entirely  consumed  and,  as  the  remaining  nitrogen  was  an 
incombustible  gas,  the  flame  was  extinguished.  Therefore,  if  a  candle 
were  to  burn  in  the  free  air,  after  it  had  consumed  all  the  oxygen 
in  the  space  immediately  surrounding  it,  the  result  would  be  the  same. 
The  incombustible  nitrogen  would  instantly  extinguish  the  flame.  This 
proves  that  although  both  gases  are  invisible,  the  oxygen  is  necessarily, 
in  the  course  of  combustion,  replaced  and  rushes  immediately  towards 
the  flame  in  proportion  to  and  in  quantities  equal  to  the  amount  with- 
drawn. Assuming  the  form  of  the  flame,  it  draws  in  all  directions  and 
in  this  manner  reproduces  its  own.  image.  When  this  is  focused 
singly  upon  a  wall  or  upon  the  retina  of  the  eyes,  this  force  of  differ- 
ential density  is  the  image  you  see,  while  when  it  is  not  singled  out, 
the  confused  forms  of  the  force  of  differential  density  is  what  pro- 
duces the  sensation  of  light. 

—  8  — 


I  have  tried  the  difficult  task  of  explaining  how  nature's  work  is 
accomplished  in  the  phenomenon  of  light,  when  invisible  gases  are 
actuated.  I  can,  however,  demonstrate  the  principle  of  nature's  force 
much  easier  by  other  experiments  made  with  visible  objects,  and  where 
you  can  see  the  inert  matter  move  in  obedience  to  this  same  invisible 
and  imponderable  force  of  differential  density. 

In  philosophy,  it  is  known  that  the  density  of  a  body  indicates 
the  quantity  of  matter  contained  in  it  under  a  given  bulk;  and,  as  all 
matter  has  certain  known  density,  if  a  body  of  equal  bulk  with  another 
is  double  the  density,  it  contains  double  the  quantity  of  matter.  For 
instance,  a  cubic  inch  of  water  at  60°  barometer  30',  weights  in  air, 
252,458  grains  and  is  315  times  heavier  than  air  at  the  same  tempera- 
ture; therefore,  it  is  evident  that  an  ordinary  piece  of  pine  wood,  one 
cubic  inch  in  dimensions,  which  weighs,  under  the  same  condition, 
HO  grains,  cannot  be  in  a  state  of  equilibrium  in  either  water  or  air, 
because  of  the  difference  in  weight,  which  is  also  the  density. 

When  matter  is  in  tnat  condition  and  is  free  to  move,  it  will 
invariably  move,  by  means  of  this  force  of  differential  density,  toward 
the  strata  of  least  resistance.  This  is  always  towards  that  of  equality 
in  density,  and  where  it  will  rest  when  it  reaches  the  equal  density, 
in  a  state  of  equilibrium.  % 

Exp.  10 — This  can  be  demonstrated,  experimentally,  by  using 
the  block  of  wood  which,  when  released,  as  it  is  held  at  some  distance 
from  the  ground,  will  fall  thereon,  because  it  cannot  be  in  equilibrium 
when  surrounded  by  air  having  less  density.  Now,  if  the  same  piece 
of  wood  be  held  at  the  bottom  of  a  bucket  of  water,  it  will  rise  to 
the  surface  as  soon  as  it  is  released,  because  it  is  not  in  equilibrium, 
and  on  account  of  the  fact  that  the  water  is  denser  than  the  wood. 
Here  we  have  an  example  of  two  opposite  motions  executed  by  the 
same  piece  of  wood.  The  reason  that  this  same  block  of  wood  can 
travel  in  opposite  directions  is  because  of  the  action  of  the  force  of 
differential  density.  The  stimulus  in  either  case  is  not  located  in 
the  wood,  the  water  or  the  atmosphere.  These,  like  all  substances, 
are  inert  and  could  not  assist  the  block  of  wood,  nor  is  it  due  to  any 
changes  whatsoever  occurring  in  their  component  parts. 

The  wood  being  denser  than  air,  represents  the  positive  part  of 
the  force  which  carries  it  downwards,  but,  when  immersed  in  water, 
the  wood  becomes  the  negative  part  of  the  force,  and  the  water  the 
positive.  The  water  then  consequently  lifts  it  upward,  by  the  same 
force  of  differential  density  which  is  here  plainly  shown  to  be  foreign 
to  the  matter  or  elements  at  play. 

Exp.  11 — The  same  thing  would  occur  with  a  balloon  inflated  with 
light  gas,  which  would  rise  swiftly  at  the  start,  then  slow  up  its  motion 
in  proportion  as  the  difference  of  density  of  its  bulk  and  of  the  sur- 
rounding atmosphere  is  reduced  in  the  ascent,  and  would  finally  stop 
rising,  when  both  the  density  in  the  bulk  of  the  balloon  and  that  of 
the  air  displaced  are  alike.  No  differential  density  existing  between 
the  two,  the  balloon  would  be  in  a  state  of  equilibrium.  It  could  then 
neither  rise  nor  come  down.  But  as  some  of  the  gas  would  escape,  the 
least  differential  density  existing  would  change  the  condition  of  the 
equilibrium,  and  the  balloon  would  drop.  When  the  balloon  goes  up, 
the  air  is  the  positive  part  of  the  force  which  lifts  it  up,  but  when 
it  comes  down  the  balloon  becomes  the  positive  part  which  carries  it 
down.  The  condition  interchanging  the  force  illustrates  how  the  same 
force  of  differential  density,  acting  upon  visible  objects,  does  its  work 
upon  the  gases  of  the  invisible  atmosphere  in  the  phenomenon  of  light. 

Exp.  12 — Another  experiment,  illustrating  the  same  principle,  can 

—  9  — 


be  demonstrated  with  an  egg,,  /placed  in  a  glass  of  water,  which  will 
sink  to  the  bottom  of  the  glass.  If,  however,  we  change  the  density  of 
the  water  by  adding  salt,  the  difference  of  density  can  be  adjusted 
so  that  the  egg  may  be  made  to  float,  or  appear  hanging  in  the  middle 
of  the  liquid.  The  latter  condition  takes  place  when  the  density  of  the 
egg  and  that  of  the  water  and  salt  are  equal.  This  again  proves  that 
it  is  the  force  of  differential  density  which  is  the  cause  of  the  motion. 

This  invisible  force  has  been  attributed  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton  to 
some  mysterious  energy  called  the  central  attraction.  It  is  stated  that 
Newton,  sitting  one  day  in  his  garden,  and  seeing  an  apple  fall  from  a 
tree,  was  led  by  this  circumstance,  to  reflect  upon  the  causes  why 
bodies  fall  to  the  ground.  He  ultimately  concluded  that  all  bodies 
in  nature  exert  a  mutual  attraction  upon  each  other,  at  all  distances, 
by  virtue  of  which  they  are  continually  tending  toward  each  other. 
Newton  believed  that  matter  had  the  power  to  attract  and  was  not 
inert.  This  erroneous  conception  of  the  fourteenth  century  is  still 
found  in  our  school  books. 

In  our  experiments  we  have  found  that  the  cause,  which  propels 
a  body  downward  and  upward,  is  the  force  acquired  in  the  differential 
density,  that  it  is  the  result  of  the  unsettled  equilibrium  existing  be- 
tween those  bodies  which  are  in  immediate  contact  and  which  is  the 
force  of  nature.  This  was  further  proved  by  the  experiment  with 
the  balloon,  which  showed  clearly,  that  once  no  differential  density 
exists  between  the  air  and  the  balloon,  it  cannot  move  up  or  down. 
This  was  also  proved  by  Experiment  12,  with  the  egg.  If  the  apple 
of  Newton  would  have  fallen  upon  water,  which  is  a  liquid,  the  apple 
should  follow  its  supposed  inclination  toward  the  central  attraction;  but, 
to  the  contrary,  we  see,  by  trying  the  experiment,  that  the  apple  is 
lifted  immediately  to  the  surface  of  the  liquid  by  the  superior  density 
and  floats.  The  apple,  being  the  positive  and  superior  density  in  the 
air,  becomes  the  negative  part  of  the  force  in  water.  No  apple,  metal, 
rock  or  any  heavy  substance  we  know  of,  could  ever  reach  the  center 
of  the  earth,  as  it  would  soon  meet  with  the  superior  density  of  heat, 
melt,  evaporate  and  actually  rise  as  vapor  before  it  ever  reached  a 
distance  of  twenty  miles.  All  of  which  goes  to  show  that  the  attrac- 
tion theorists  have  very  little  with  which  to  substantiate  their  theory. 
Both  the  center  and  upper  layers  of  the  earth  can  be  reached  only  by 
means  of  similar  equal  density.  All  matter  being  inert,  it  cannot  pos- 
sess the  power  to  attract  or  to  move.  The  reason  a  rock  falls  to  the 
ground  is  because  in  time  the  density  of  the  equilibrium  has  receded 
lower  toward  the  bowels  of  the  earth.  It  is  this  differential  density 
which  is  the  force  which  carries  it  back  now  toward  that  state  of 
equilibrium.  The  fruit  grown  from  the  apple  blossom,  from  elementary 
matter  heavier  than  air,  when  detached  from  the  tree,  obeys  the  same 
rule  and  falls,  by  virtue  of  the  same  force  of  differential  density  toward 
equal  density,  and  can  never  reach  lower  down  than  the  strata  of 
equilibrium  as  the  force  would  then  be  annulated.  Even  the  candle 
flame  cannot  attract  oxygen.  The  energy  of  the  combustion,  once 
started,  consumes  it  and  in  so  doing  undoes  the  state  of  equilibrium  of 
the  air.  This  is  the  force  of  differential  density  conveyed  and  felt  as 
light  upon  the  visual  nerves. 

Exp.  13 — The  truism  of  this  argument  can  still  further  be  proved 
by  reversing  artificially  the  order  of  natural  density  in  such  a  manner 
that  slightly  denser  air  is  made  to  rest  above  an  object  instead  of 
below.  In  this  case  the  object  could  not  fall  toward  the  natural  density, 
but  would  rise  toward  this  superior  artificial  density  in  trying  to  reach 
the  state  of  equilibrium  in  that  direction. 

—  10  — 


FIG.  6. 


This  condition  can  be  attained  experimentally  by  using  a  small 
wooden  ball,  one  inch  or-. one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter,  fitting 
loosely  into  a  cup  of  corresponding  shape  to  which  a  rubber  tube  is 
attached,  as  shown  by  Fig.  5.  By  blowing  hard  against  the  upper  part 
of  the  ball  through  the  rubber  tube,  the  air  will  become  more  dense 
above  than  below,  and  you  will  observe  that  the  ball  in  attempting  to 
rise  by  reason  of  its  tendency  to  move  toward  the  denser  strata  and 
against  the  strong  gush  of  wind,  will  rotate  freely  without  support  and 
continue  to  do  so  as  long  as  the  upper  density  is  maintained. 

Exp.  14 — It  is  not  even  necessary  that  the  object  should  be  of 
round  form,  as  the  same  result  can  be  attained  with  objects  of  any 
shape.  As  long  as  the  stronger  density  is  at  the  upper  part  of  the 
object,  it  will  not  fall,  but  will  tend  to  rise  toward  this  superior  arti- 
ficial density.  This  proves  conclusively  that  all  objects  move  only  by 
the  force  of  differential  density  in  contact  and  not  on  account  of  any 
distant  attraction.  The  last  experiment  can  be  made  by  using  two 
squares  of  equal  size,  made  of  some  stiff  cardboard  about  3  to  4  inches 
wide,  into  the  center  of  the  upper  one  of  which  a  rubber  tube  should 
be  inserted,  so  that  you  may  blow  against  the  upper  flat  surface  of 
the  lower  disk  (as  shown  by  Fig.  6).  A  pin  should  then  be  inserted  in 
the  lower  board  to  fit  into  the  tube  and  to  guide  the  same  and  prevent 
it  from  sliding  from  its  position.  When  the  gust  of  wind  is  applied 
the  upper  density  over  the  lower  disk  holds  it  from  falling  and  it  then 
appears  suspended  like  the  ball  without  support.  The  excess  of 
density  above  the  plane  of  the  aeroplane,  caused  by  the  swift  revolving 
of  the  propeller,  gives  the  reason  why  a  machine  heavier  than  air  can 
be  lifted  from  the  ground  and  can  be  used  to  navigate  the  air. 

These  few  experiments  show  how  the  force  of  differential  density 
acts  by  moving  visible  bodies  from  the  non-equilibrated  state  to  that 
of  an  equilibrium.  It  is  the  same  force  which  acts  upon  invisible  gases, 
after  the  combustion  has  undone  the  equilibrium  in  withdrawing  the 
oxygen  from  the  air.  This  motion  in  the  invisible  gases  becomes  vis- 
ible to  the  nerves  of  the  eye  when  it  acts  upon  them  as  the  force  of 
differential  density  of  light. 

Since  the  strata  of  density  of  the  planets  decrease  from  the  center 
to  the  outer  layer,  all  solid  bodies  can  only  move  up  or  down  to  find 
their  state  of  equilibrium  in  density.  In  gaseous  matter,  the  state 
of  equilibrium  requires  the  changing  of  an  existing  uniform  density 

—  11  — 


into  two  unequal  kinds.  This  is  what  produces  the  difference  which 
tends  to  equalize  both  into  one  and  in  so  doing  conveys  the  force  to 
the  nerves.  The  force  of  light  is  the  difference  in  density  between  the 
density  of  the  nitrogen  (76.99)  gas  left  after  the  combustion  and 
the  density  of  the  original  atmosphere  (100),  and  is  equal  to  23/100, 
nearly  i/4  of  the  density  of  the  air.  It  is  no  more  possible  that  the 
nitrogen  fills  the  space  previously  occupied  by  the  oxygen,  because 
of  this  %  difference  in  the  density,  than  a  three-foot  cube  could  fill 
the  space  of  a  block  of  four  cubic  feet.  The  two  gases  act  like  two 
solids  or  two  liquids  of  different  densities.  Quicksilver,  for  instance, 
will  fall  through  water,  while  oil  will  rise  above  it.  E)ach  takes  its 
place  by  the  order  of  its  density.  So,  therefore,  as  oxygen  and  nitro- 
gen are  mixed  gases,  not  chemically  combined,  when  the  oxygen  of 
the  air  is  consumed,  only  other  oxygen  can  fill  its  place,  and  in  this 
way  convey  that  difference  of  density  of  23/100  to  the  nerves  which 
is  the  force  felt  and  recognized  as  light. 

The  nitrogen  of  the  air  cannot  dissolve  its  density  into  the  oxygen, 
as  when  a  solid,  which  can  melt,  is  placed  in  a  liquid  in  which  it  can 
dissolve,  the  solid,  by  its  superior  density,  will  penetrate  and  dissolve 
its  density  into  the  liquid  until  the  difference  between  the  two  densities 
is  annulled.  This  proves  that  it  is  the  same  force  of  differential  den- 
sity which  causes  sugar,  salts  and  all  soluble  substances  to  melt  in 
liquid  until  both  are  in  equilibrium.  By  adding  more  density  to  the 
water,  by  means  of  heat,  we  find  that  more  salts  may  be  dissolved, 
but  never  more  than  the  difference  between  the  two  densities. 

In  many  cases  this  force  of  differential  density  in  nature  is  brought 
about  so  slowly  that  it  is  hardly  perceptible.  It  is  often,  through 
various  causes,  prevented  for  long  periods  of  years,  from  acting,  as  for 
instance,  the  solid  crust  of  the  earth,  which  was  originally  formed  in 
a  strata  of  perfect  equilibrium,  finds  itself  today  many  miles  above  the 
present  real  equilibrious  state  of  density.  We,  therefore,  have  repre- 
sented the  positive  force  which  would  bring  it  back  into  the  lower 
strata,  its  equal  in  density. 

The  force  which  has  brought  about  this  condition  is  the  cooling 
of  the  planet.  The  force  of  heat,  having  left,  has  caused  the  strata 
of  heat  density  to  sink  lower,  but  as  the  outer  spheric  shell  is  of  solid 
matter,  it  has  been  unable  to  follow  the  receding  movement.  This 
loss  shows  the  reason  why  a  boulder  or  stone,  which  becomes  detached 
from  a  cliff,  falls  toward  this  receding  density.  It  would  continue  to 
go  down  until  it  reached  the  strata  of  equality,  but  is  prevented,  how- 
ever, by  the  spheric  self-supporting  crust  of  the  earth.  The  whole 
crust  of  the  earth  is  under  the  same  strain.  It,  too,  would  fall  to  the 
strata  of  equality,  but  is  prevented  by  being  keyed  like  a  stone  of  an 
arch.  However,  the  weaker  portion  gives  away  occasionally  and  re- 
sponds to  the  strain.  This  has  produced  the  unevenness  of  the  earth's 
surface.  Our  projecting  mountains  are  proof  that  the  original  large 
area  of  the  circumference  has  been  reduced  into  a  smaller  space,  while 
their  geological  structure  shows  plainly  how  the  caving  in  took  place. 
The  mountains  also  show  that  it  has  been  impossible  to  reduce  the 
former  large  superficie  into  a  smaller  compass  without  causing  some 
portions  to  top  out  and  project.  The  continuance  of  this  work  makes 
itself  felt  in  the  form  of  earthquakes.  All  the  solids,  liquids  and 
gaseous  matter  of  which  the  earth  is  composed,  work  their  way  toward 
that  equilibrated  condition,  which  the  sun,  by  its  positive  force,  con- 
tinually undermines,  and  it  is  that  effort  to  re-establish  the  equilibrium, 
opposing  the  solar  force,  which  we  appreciate  as  sun  light. 

—  12  — 


The  sun  reproduces  its  image  upon  the  face  of  the  earth  and 
other  planets  by  the  same  means  as  the  candle  flame  does  its  work  on 
the  wall,  all  of  which  we  have  learned  was  done  through  the  undoing 
of  the  state  of  equilibrium  in  changing  the  density  by  withdrawing  the 
oxygen  used  in  the  combustion. 

The  sun  also  withdraws  the  gaseous  element  used  in  its  combus- 
tion and  produces  thereby  the  force  of  differential  density  of  sun  light. 
It  is  that  same  force  which  has,  in  the  course  of  time,  reduced  the 
earth's  bulk  and  caused  it  to  cool  and  shrink  and  which  has  limited  its 
caloric  to  a  deeper  strata  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth. 

When  we  come  upon  the  scene,  we  find  everything  solid  and  liquid 
pressing  inwardly  by  reason  of  this  force  of  differential  density.  This 
force  is  the  weight  of  matter,  and  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  the  sur- 
rounding density  alters  the  weight.  A  boulder  weighing  many  tons 
upon  the  surface  of  the  ground,  would  weigh  less  than  its  surroundings, 
if  it  could  be  held  without  melting  in  the  great  density  at  the  center  of 
the  earth;  in  fact,  it  would  actually  rise  on  account  of  its  lightness  to 
within  25  miles  below  the  surface  where  it  would  be  again  in  equilib- 
rium with  its  surroundings,  and  have  no  weight  at  all.  While  on  the 
top  of  a  mountain,  this  same  rock  would  weigh  much  more  than  it 
would  in  the  valley,  on  account  of  the  difference  between  the  two 
densities,  which  increases  because  of  the  rarification  of  the  atmosphere. 
Therefore,  weight  is  only  a  matter  of  differential  density.  A  balloon 
will  rise,  a  rock  will  fall,  water  will  flow  to  a  lower  grade  and  into  the 
ocean  by  the  same  force  of  differential  density  which  produces  weight 
and  motion  and  which  is  also  the  force  of  light. 

Because  matter  is  inert,  nothing,  ever  so  small,  can  be  added  or 
taken  from  the  planets.  Everything  on  earth  and  in  the  universe  re- 
mains stable  and  can  only  be  brought  into  action  by  this  force  of  dif- 
ferential density.  The  earth  cannot  cool  or  shrink  unless  the  energy 
at  the  sun's  combustion  produces  the  force  of  differential  density  by 
withdrawing  some  element  from  the  planet.  This  gathering  in  space 
is  then  used  in  the  sun's  combustion.  The  planet  has,  in  this  way, 
been  placed  in  the  plight  it  is  today.  It  is  this  withdrawal  of  density 
which  our  visual  nerves  recognize  as  sun  light. 

We  thus  become  aware  that  inert  matter  must  be  everlasting  be- 
cause it  cannot  be  destroyed  nor  increased  in  quantity.  It  may  be  used 
and  can  undergo  chemical  changes,  or  may  be  moved  by  the  force  of 
differential  density  from  a  planet  to  the  sun,  yet,  nevertheless,  the 
elementary  matter  remains  indestructible,  and  will  last  and  exist  until 
eternity. 

The  force  of  light  obtained  from  a  candle  flame  is  derived  from 
the  consummation  of  the  oxygen  in  the  air  which  combines  with  the 
olefian  gas  derived  from  the  evaporated  tallow.  This  chemical  com- 
bination produces  carbonic  acid  and  vapor  of  water.  All  the  elements 
exist  and  remain  part  of  our  planet,  although  a  new  chemical  combina- 
tion is  created  which  leaves  the  nitrogen  of  the  air  free  and  becomes  a 
component  of  vegetable  life.  Nothing  is  lost.  We  find  that  every 
element  is  taken  from,  and  yet  remains  part  of,  the  planet.  We  thus 
have  the  reason  why  our  electric  flashes,  fires  or  other  attempts  to 
communicate  by  such  light,  never  will  make  any  impression  upon  other 
planets;  for  the  force  of  differential  density  of  light  cannot  reach  and 
draw  upon  the  visual  nerves  of  their  inhabitants,  since  the  oxygen, 
which  is  absorbed  at  the  combustion  and  is  the  main  factor  in  pro- 
ducing the  force  of  differential  density,  is  entirely  provided  by  our 
atmosphere.  It  cannot,  therefore,  impress  outside  worlds,  nor  can 

—  13  — 


they,  for  the  same  reason,  with  their  fires  consuming  their  oxygen, 
impress  our  visual  nerves. 

At  the  sun's  combustion  this  is  different.  The  element  used  in 
this  combustion  is  derived  from  the  earth  and  other  planets.  It  is 
this  withdrawal  of  the  invisible  gas  which  is  felt  as  the  force  of  dif- 
ferential density  of  sun  light.  It  is  the  force  which  produces  such 
havoc  with  matter  on  and  about  the  planets,  as  is  evidenced  by  wind 
storms,  tornadoes,  earthquakes,  volcanic  eruptions,  electric  storms  and 
tidal  waves.  It  is  also  the  force  which  rotates  the  earth,  magnetizes 
the  poles,  causes  the  seasons,  rocks  the  oceans  and  procures  the  ele- 
ments required  in  the  life  of  the  vegetable  as  well  as  the  animal  king- 
doms. As  all  matter  and  the  elements  composing  the  vegetable  and 
animal  bodies  are  inert,  this  force  of  differential  density  may  be  con- 
sidered to  be  life  itself.  One  fact  is  certain,  that  no  life  can  be  sus- 
tained in  the  vegetable  or  animal  kingdoms  without  the  constant  main- 
tenance of  this  force. 

It  therefore  follows  that  light  and  life  are  closely  connected  in  this 
respect,  and  much  alike  in  chemical  operation.  The  candle  flame 
must  be  provided  and  properly  fed  to  maintain  -the  energy  of  the  com- 
bustion. This  must  be  surrounded  with  oxygen  so  that  the  energy  can 
produce  the  force  of  differential  density  which  carries  the  sensation 
of  light  to  the  visual  nerves. 

In  the  same  manner,  if  the  animal  body  is  not  surrounded  and  pro- 
vided with  pure  wholesome  oxygen,  it  cannot  produce,  in  the  consum- 
mation, the  force  of  differential  density  of  heat  necessary  to  life,  nor 
that  which  is  needed  to  build,  grow  and  replace  the  waste  which  is 
constantly  taking  place. 

The  sun  is  in  the  same  condition;  the  flames  must  be  fed  with 
suitable  ingredients;  it  must  be  surrounded  with  the  proper  com- 
bustible gas,  one  that  can  combine  and  produce  the  flames,  so  that  by 
undoing  the  state  of  equilibrium,  it  will  create  and  convey  the  force  of 
differential  density.  This  is  the  light  to  our  optical  nerves.  It  is  the 
same  force  as  that  which  is  called  candle  light,  life,  heat,  weight  and 
which  causes  the  motion  of  the  planets  and  everything  upon  them. 

The  element  consumed  at  the  sun's  combustion  must  be  procured 
in  vast  quantities  and  must  have  chemical  affinity  in  order  to  unite 
with  the  evaporated  gaseous  matter  derived  from  the  heated  core.  The 
chemical  affinity  alone  shows  that  the  force 
of  differential  density  was  created  by  the  undoing 
of  some  previous  remote  equilibrium  when  the 
star  was  a  planet,  and  that  it  now  resumes  a  state 
of  equilibrium  by  reuniting  with  the  element  it 
had  parted  from.  Before  this  gas  can  unite  with 
that  derived  from  the  sun,  it  must  first  reach 
below  the  flames.  This  is  also  the  case  with  the 
candle  flame.  A  vast  dark  space  must  exist 
under  the  sun's  flame,  which  is  in  all  respects 
equal  to  that  which  is  seen,  on  a  smaller  scale, 
below  the  candle  flame.  (Fig.  7,  at  a.) 

In  these  experiments  we  can  almost  see  the 
molecular  expansive  force  of  heat  transformed 
into  the  chemical  force  of  light.  Heat  is  a  force 
of  differential  density  due  to  expansion,  which 
can  be  communicated  only  from  molecule  to 
molecule,  which  must  be  in  contact.  It  never 
can  produce  luminosity,  because  it  requires  A-  Dark  space  where 
chemical  energy  to  undo  the  state  of  equi- 
librium by  substracting  the  element  used  in 


-C 


FIG. 7. 


B.  Evaporated  gases. 

C.  Luminous  flame. 


—  14  — 


the  combustion.  Heat  undoes  the  state  of  equilibrium  by  compression 
during  the  expension  of  the  molecules.  It  does  not  draw  upon  any- 
thing, or  add  any  element.  Its  force  of  differential  density  is  different 
and  of  a  kind  that  cannot  affect  or  act  upon  the  visual  nerves  as  light. 
This  is  the  reason  why  the  space  occupied  by  the  hot  evaporated  tallow 
below  the  candle  flame  is  not  luminous,  as  can  be  verified  by  looking 
at  the  image  reproduced  on  the  wall.  It  is  also  the  reason  why  the  sun 
shows  dark  spots  at  the  places  where  the  flame  is  cast  aside  and  where 
the  hydrogen  gas  enters  to  combine  chemically  with  the  hot  evapo- 
rated gas  derived  from  the  inner  core  of  the  sun. 

It  would  be  ridiculous  to  expect  that  the  sun  would  feed  upon 
meteors,  rocks  or  other  solid  matter  as  claimed  by  some  theories.  The 
sun  is  a  wornout,  decrepit  planet  to  which  the  name  of  star  has  been 
applied  and  which  has,  and  is  yet,  recovering  its  loss  of  heat,  by  assimi- 
lating by  fire  the  same  element  it  parted  with  during  its  planetary 
career.  The  earth  shrinks  and  cools  because  it  loses  the  same  element 
the  sun  gains.  This  makes  the  earth  become  denser  by  solidifying 
more  and  more.  At  some  future  time,  by  reason  of  this  process,  the 
whole  earth's  surface  will  be  solidly  frozen.  This  condition  would  have 
occurred  long  ago,  but  for  the  wise  provision  of  this  force  of  differen- 
tial density,  which  has  forced  most  of  the  solid  earth  downward  into 
the  warmer  and  denser  receding  strata,  in  proportion  as  the  heat  has 
withdrawn  toward  the  center.  A  proof  of  this  can  be  found  when  look- 
ing upon  high  mountains  which  have  not  sunk  as  much  toward  the 
strata  of  density  as  the  valleys  and  where  above  the  life  line  nothing 
can  exist,  and  where  water  is  solidified  into  perpetual  ice.  This  shows 
that  when  the  earth  can  shrink  no  more  to  meet  this  receding  caloric, 
as  no  heat  can  enter  from  the  outside,  the  whole  face  of  the  earth  will 
eventually  become  a  frozen  and  desolate  place. 

Furthermore,  a  meteor  composed  of  nickel,  iron,  rocks,  etc.,  like 
those  pieces  found  occasionally,  could  not  be  useful  as  combustible 
matter  with  which  to  feed  the  solar  flame;  for  in  that  condition  it 
could  never  reach  into  the  solar  mass  and  would  very  likely  be  evapo- 
rated long  before  it  came  near  the  visible  flame  by  the  intense  outside 
heat.  There  is  also  another  very  important  reason  why  the  very  exist- 
ence of  those  meteors  is  doubtful.  The  appearance  of  a  meteor  may 
be  nothing  more  than  a  reflection  of  the  sun  at  night,  operated  on  the 
same  basis  as  the  boy  sends,  through  the  medium  of  a  mirror,  this 
image  of  the  sun  into  your  eyes  when  you  least  expect  it.  Of  course, 
nature  has  no  mirror,  but  it  has  a  very  good  substitute  in  the  layers 
of  frozen  water  which  float  at  high  latitudes  before  they  melt  to  sink 
into  denser  strata  and  fall  as  rain.  We  can  see  the  confused  images  of 
the  sun  upon  the  moon's  surface  at  night,  called  moon  light.  Why  can- 
not the  same  thing  occur  when  the  image  of  the  sun  is  reproduced  by 
these  floating  frozen  surfaces?  If  ice  can  form  on  high  mountains, 
there  is  no  reason  why  this  very  ice  could  not  exist  in  transparent 
layers  still  higher  up  where  the  temperature  is  colder.  When  this 
surface  is  inclined  at  a  proper  angle  of  reflection  with  the  eyes,  which 
occurs  at  certain  seasons,  there  is  no  doubt  that  it  is  the  sun's  image 
which  plays  the  role  of  the  shooting  star.  This  is  all  the  more  so 
because  the  shooting  star  crosses  space  with  a  velocity  which  no  real 
heavenly  bodies  of  any  size  could  ever  attain.  Furthermore,  the  shoot- 
ing star  disappears  as  suddenly  and  as  mysteriously  as  it  appears,  when 
it  is  out  of  the  angle  of  vision.  The  phenomenon,  therefore,  is  noth- 
ing more  than  an  optical  illusion.  Where  do  these  meteors  come  from? 
No  planet  can  be  blown  to  pieces.  Even  if  dynamite  were  used  and 
placed  at  the  center  of  the  earth,  and  the  entire  crust  blown  100  miles 
in  the  air,  every  piece  would  return,  and  by  virtue  of  the  force  of  dif- 

—  15  — 


ferential  density,  would  resume  its  globular  entirety  without  any  one 
of  the  pieces  starting  away  in  meteoric  fashion.  It  is  even  a  fact  that 
the  pieces  which  become  detached  from  the  moon  (often  mistaken  for 
meteors),  which  is  part  and  body  of  our  planet,  must  fall  back  upon 
the  earth,  although  the  moon  is  250,000  miles  from  its  surface. 

We  must  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  all  matter  is  inert,  and 
cannot  move,  attract  or  repulse.  It  is  the  force  of  differential  density 
which  actuates  all  the  phenomena  of  nature.  No  meteor  could  rush 
or  fall  into  the  sun  unless  it  had  been  at  some  anterior  time  lifted  from 
it.  A  rock  cannot  fall  upon  the  earth  unless  it  is  first  lifted  from  it. 
So  the  undoing  of  the  state  of  equilibrium  creates  the  force  of  differ- 
ential density  which  causes  its  return.  This  is  the  reason  why  the  sun 
can  assimilate  now  a  certain  gaseous  element,  for  this  element  was 
originally  taken  from  it  when  it  was  a  planet.  It  is  by  the  force  of 
differential  density,  then  created,  that  it  can  now  reassimilate  it  again. 

All  the  heavenly  bodies  are  self-supported  in  space.  This  means 
that  they  are  all  in  a  state  of  perfect  equilibrium  with  their  surround- 
ings. The  whole  earth  and  its  atmosphere,  situated  at  91,430,000  miles 
from  the  sun,  has  no  weight  and  no  differential  density  with  the  sur- 
rounding gaseous  mediums  of  density.  This  can  be  readily  under- 
stood, when  we  figure  that  at  the  sea  level  the  atmospheric  pressure 
on  our  planet  is  14.7  pounds  to  the  square  inch,  while  this  pressure 
diminishes  to  10  pounds  to  the  square  inch,  when  receding  5  miles 
away  from  its  surface.  Still  further  up,  the  pressure  falls  to  5  pounds 
to  the  square  inch,  and  still  further  to  1  pound.  Finally,  at  some  unde- 
fined distance,  it  falls  to  0  pound  per  square  inch.  At  this  point  the 
whole  planet,  its  atmosphere,  satellite  and  all,  weighs  absolutely  noth- 
ing and  rests  in  perfect  equilibrium  of  density  with  the  gases  which 
surround  it. 

We  are  naturally  led  to  believe  that  such  a  mass  of  matter  as 
our  planet  represents,  could  never  rest  in  an  equilibrious  state  in  a 
complete  vacuum.  There  must  be  some  gaseous  element  pervading 
through  space,  even  admitting  it  be  the  most  attenuated  condition  pos- 
sible. It  must  be  from  this  gas,  just  as  the  candle  flame  is  fed  by  the 
surrounding  oxygen  gas  from  the  air,  that  the  sun  derives  its  supply 
of  gaseous  element.  From  the  surrounding  space  in  contact  with  the 
outer  body  of  the  sun,  which  is  being  constantly  renewed  as  it  becomes 
consumed,  a  vacuum  of  this  element  is  created,  which  is  conveyed  to 
the  planets  and  is  the  force  of  differential  density  of  light. 

Once  this  is  established,  there  are  yet  two  questions  to  be  answered. 
One  is,  what  is  it  composed  of?  The  second  is,  where  does  it  come 
from  ?  Both  questions  can  be  answered  for  the  candle  light  as  well  as  for 
the  sun  light.  There  is  this  exception,  however.  We  know,  already, 
that  oxygen  is  consumed  at  the  candle  flame,  but  as  this  oxygen  is 
used  daily,  for  many  purposes,  in  enormous  quantities,  it  is  evident 
that  we  must  inquire  whence  it  comes,  in  order  to  learn  how  it  becomes 
renewed. 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  amount  of  oxygen  used  daily,  I  shall 
enumerate  some  of  the  ways  in  which  it  becomes  consumed.  To  com- 
mence with,  we  have  upon  our  planet  a  population  estimated  at  over 
1,500,000,000  inhabitants.  Each  person  consumes  his  share  of  oxygen 
daily.  Consider  the  amount  of  oxygen  used  to  build  up  the  bodies  of 
and  the  waste  of  these  1,500,000,000  people.  This  represents  at  least 
15,000,000,000  pounds  of  living  animal  matter,  composed  mostly  of 
oxygen  and  hydrogen  element. 

We  have  also  to  take  into  consideration,  the  oxygen  consumed  by 
the  fires  required  to  cook  their  meals,  and  to  do  their  washing  and 

—  16  — 


other  incidentals.  To  this  must  be  added  the  oxygen  consumed  by 
the  fires  of  boilers  used  in  running  machinery,  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses, as  well  as  for  melting,  casting  metals,  and  for  transportation  on 
land,  river  and  sea.  In  addition,  we  have  that  which  is  used  up  by 
the  electric  current,  gas,  steam  heating,  hot  water,  waste  by  prairie 
fires  and  conflagrations  of  cities.  Then  there  is  the  oxygen  used  by 
animal  life,  both  on  land  and  in  water,  and  that  used  to  build  up  their 
bodies,  and  for  the  creating  of  the  vegetable  tissue,  flowers,  fruit,  trees, 
etc.  Added  to  all  of  this  is  the  enormous  amount  of  oxygen  used 
constantly  in  the  formation  of  rain  water,  snow  and  clouds  at  high 
latitudes,  where  one  atom  of  oxygen  is  taken  from  the  air  and  com- 
bined with  two  atoms  of  hydrogen  of  space  to  form  the  fluid  known  as 
water.  The  water  then  falls  by  virtue  of  the  superior  force  of  density 
attained  in  the  combination  and  returns  to  the  earth,  where  it  is  used 
and  accumulated  in  the  lower  depressed  cavities  which  form  our  oceans. 

The  annual  rain  fall  on  the  land  of  the  entire  globe  amounts  to 
about  30,000  cubic  miles.  All  these  items,  taken  together,  would  cer- 
tainly suggest  that  the  present  supply  of  oxygen  cannot  be  everlasting 
and  that,  unless  it  be  procured  in  proportion  as  the  supply  is  con- 
sumed, it  will  soon  be  entirely  consumed.  This  is  particularly  so,  in 
that  we  know  from  experiment  that  the  available  supply  of  oxygen  in 
storage  around  us  cannot  He,  at  the  present  time,  over  many  miles  in 
height.  This  has  been  proved  by  aeronauts  who,  when  reaching  an 
altitude  of  seven  miles,  have  become  unconscious  and  at  the  same  time 
lost  the  power  of  sight,  and  their  senses  becoming  numb.  Some  have 
even  lost  their  lives  in  this  altitude,  for  at  that  height  the  atmospheric 
air  is  not  fit  to  support  animal  life.  Even  at  the  height  of  three  miles, 
we  cannot  find  many  who  can  endure  the  strain  of  the  rarefication. 
Even  timber  and  vegetation  grow  far  below  that  mark. 

As  the  earth  has  190,000,000  square  miles  of  surface,  taking  this 
air  at  an  average  of  three  miles  in  height,  we  have  591,000,000  square 
miles  of  atmospheric  air  fit  for  human  use.  As  the  oxygen  is  about 
one  quarter  of  the  air,  this  will  allow  us  122,750,000  square  miles  of 
oxygen.  These  deductions  are  based  upon  the  supposition  that  the 
entire  area  is  of  the  proper  density.  Experience  shows,  however,  that 
it  is  not,  since  at  two  and  a  half  miles  above  sea  level,  vegetation  can- 
not grow.  Now,  admitting  that  everything  using  oxygen  could  con- 
sume and  waste  about  300  cubic  miles  per  day,  109,500  cubic  miles 
of  oxygen  would  be  required  per  year.  If  this  were  not  replaced  in 
time,  in  less  than  1200  years,  nearly  all  of  the  available  oxygen  of  the 
atmosphere  would  be  gone.  The  age  of  the  earth  is  much  older,  and 
being  composed  of  inert  matter  that  cannot  be  destroyed,  it  will  exist 
forever.  We  must  remember  that  this  same  oxygen  has  been  pro- 
cured and  used  many  million  times  over  and  over  again,  since  the  start 
of  the  planet. 

Everything  changes  and  moves  continually.  The  earth  revolves 
on  its  axis  once  every  twenty-four  hours  and  completes  its  course 
around  the  sun  in  the  period  of  365  days.  We  have  proof  that  our 
planet  was  at  one  time  a  sun,  and  naturally,  all  the  planets  of  the 
constellation  were  then  circling  around  it.  While  our  planet  was  in 
that  condition,  all  of  its  components  was  evaporated  into  gaseous  mat- 
ter. These  accumulated,  around  its  solar  flames,  in  the  same  fashion 
as  the  evaporated  matter  now  accumulates  about  the  flames  of  the 
present  sun.  Although  invisible,  this  gas  may  extend  many  million 
miles.  When  the  sun  becomes  saturated  and  cannot  assimilate  any 
more  upon  the  elements  of  space,  and  as  the  equilibrium  becomes  re- 
established, it  loses  its  affinity  for  the  elements  of  combustion,  and 
its  power  of  creating  and  communicating  the  force  of  differential 

—  17  — 


density  of  light  passes  away.  The  flames  then  become  extinguished 
and  the  whole  mass  is  in  total  darkness.  This  huge  round  mass  of 
hot  incandescent,  evaporated  matter  becomes,  then,  the  beginning  of  a 
new  comet,  which  moves  swiftly  into  space  by  reason  of  the  force  of 
the  differential  density  of  its  heat,  brought  about  by  the  cold  sur- 
roundings, in  the  same  manner  as  the  cold  drop  of  water  gliding  from 
a  hot  stove.  This  new  round  comet  remains  invisible  until  sufficient 
of  this  hot  evaporated  mass  has  condensed  into  the  liquid  or  semi- 
solid  state  to  form  its  center  nucleus.  All  comets  present  most  remark- 
able proof  in  support  of  this  theory,  by  appearing  to  possess  an 
appendage  called  the  "comet's  tail."  We  know  that  all  other  heavenly 
bodies  have  round  forms,  and  we  should  naturally  take  it  for  granted 
that  the  comets  must  have  a  similar  shape  also.  However,  as  they 
are  all  composed  of  the  evaporated  matter  of  a  burned  out  sun,  and 
because  of  the  superior  luminosity  of  the  solar  images,  this  hot  evapo- 
rated substance  is  invisible  to  all,  except  at  the  widening  strip  which  is 
shaded  from  the  sun  by  the  nucleus  itself  and  where  the  incandescence 
appears  luminous.  The  candle  flame,  the  luminosity  of  which  cannot 
be  seen  in  full  day  light,  but  which  becomes  luminous  in  the  dark, 
furnishes  an  excellent  object  lesson  of  this  phenomenon.  This  theory 
is  given  proof  by  the  fact  that  the  appendages  of  all  comets  are 
turned  invariably  in  the  opposite  direction  from  the  sun  light,  so  that 
it  is  in  the  shadow  the  incandescent  mass  can  appear  luminous.  For 
the  same  reason,  when  the  comet  passes  between  the  earth  and  the 
sun,  this  shadow  cannot  be  seen  and  the  comet  appears  to  have  lost 
its  tail.  It  supplies  also  the  reason  why  the  tail  of  a  comet  can  assume 
so  many  forms.  This  depends  entirely  upon  the  shadow  and  its  action 
with  the  gaseous  matter.  A  comet,  passing  where  two  luminaries  could 
each  cast  a  shadow,  would  appear  to  possess  two  tails.  If  there  were 
no  star  or  sun  to  blind  the  mass  of  the  whole  comet  from  view,  it 
would  then  appear  like  a  huge  ball  of  incandescent  haze  with  a  bright 
spot  at  the  center. 

When  this  comet  has  encircled  space  sufficiently,  and  becomes 
cooled  down  to  the  density  of  a  well-regulated  planet,  it  takes  its  posi- 
tion, according  to  its  density,  among  the  other  planets  of  its  constella- 
tion. Thus  by  further  cooling,  this  same  mass  of  matter  which  was 
once  a  sun,  becomes  a  planet  which  will  assume  in  time,  all  of  the 
forms,  positions  and  peculiarities  which  every  planet  undergoes,  until 
it  is  again  reduced,  in  the  course  of  centuries,  to  the  small  decrepit 
condition  which  fits  it  to  become  renovated  by  fire,  to  new  life.  The 
accomplishment  of  this  rotation  of  life  and  death  by  a  single  planet, 
requires  many  billions  of  years.  When  we  consider  that  every  one  of 
the  eight  planets  of  the  constellation  must  undergo  these  changes  and, 
that  even  some  of  them  have  gone  through  this  ordeal  several  times, 
it  must  impress  the  mind  that  the  earth  and  all  of  the  planets  will 
continue  to  exist  practically  forever.  And  so  it  is  with  everything 
which  belongs  to  them. 

It  is  true  that  all  of  the  planets  do  not  perform  this  complete 
transformation  in  an  equally  stated  time.  Some  planets  do  this  work 
comparatively  faster  than  others.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  some 
furnish  more  of  the  hydrogen  element  toward  the  solar  combustion 
than  others,  and  in  this  way  become  more  quickly  reduced  to  the  re- 
quired condition  for  the  renovating. 

The  time,  required  for  one  planet  to  do  the  round  of  metamor- 
phosis, depends  principally  upon  the  quantity  of  hydrogen  it  has 
freed  by  decomposition,  at  the  death  and  dissolution  of  its  animal 
and  vegetable  life.  This  is  the  only  manner  by  which  the  oxygen  of 

—  18  — 


the  air  and  the  hydrogen  of  space  can  be  renewed.  The  hydrogen,  on 
account  of  its  lightness  (being  fourteen  times  lighter  than  air),  when 
free,  rises  above  the  atmosphere  to  form  the  gaseous  body  of  space 
and  it  is  evidently  the  gas  which  separates  the  stars  and  the  planets. 
It  is  upon  this  gas  that  the  sun  draws  to  feed  its  combustion,  and  in 
this  way  creates  the  force  of  differential  density  recognized  as  sun 
light.  In  a  similar  manner  all  combustions  on  earth  draw  upon  the 
oxygen  of  the  air  to  produce  the  same  force  of  differential  density 
which  is  recognized  as  light. 

The  hydrogen  which  was  a  constituent  of  a  vegetable  or  animal 
body,  when  disengaged  by  decomposition,  finds  its  way  above  our 
atmosphere,  whence  it  may  be  returned  as  water,  in  the  form  of  rain, 
when  it  becomes  combined  with  the  oxygen  of  the  atmosphere,  or  it 
may  be  assimilated  in  the  combustion  at  the  sun  and  in  that  manner 
become  the  constituent  of  a  future  new  comet  and  later  on,  of  a  new 
planet.  As  the  sun  draws  upon  the  hydrogen  which  is  derived  from 
every  planet,  it  may  be  said  that  the  very  water  on  our  planet  may  be 
composed  of  hydrogen  derived  from  the  dissolution  of  life  from  any 
other  planet.  Water,  being  90  per  cent  of  the  animal  body  and  its 
hydrogen  element  being  60  per  cent,  it  may  have  been  a  part  of  other 
planets  before  it  became  part  of  our  body,  since  its  perpetuation  is  due 
to  this  provision  of  renovation. 

Whei\  the  inert  hydrogen  leaves  the  earth,  stimulated  by  the 
vacuum  drawing  energy  at  the  sun,  it  creates  the  force  of  differential 
density  of  light.  This  shows  that  the  elementary  constituents  of  the 
animal  bodies  travel  from  the  planets  to  the  stars.  When  the  stars 
again  become  planets,  this  is  again  withdrawn  by  the  reigning  sun  and 
in  this  manner  the  inert  material  entity  becomes  perpetuated  forever. 

This  reveals  the  usefulness  of  animal  life  upon  the  planets. 

One  grain  of  hydrogen  yields  more  than  34,000  heat  units,  for 
hydrogen  has  the  greatest  heating  power  of  any  known  substance.  It 
is  with  this  heating  power  that  a  worn-out  heavy  planet  can  be  trans- 
formed first  into  a  luminous  sun,  then  into  a  comet,  and  finally  into  a 
light  large  new  planet.  All  of  this  indicates  that  even  the  matter  of 
which  the  planets  are  composed;  has  always  existed.  This  matter  may 
be  evaporated,  made  into  liquid,  solidified,  turned  from  one  compound 
into  another  or  form  part  of  one  planet  and  then  of  another,  and  no 
matter  what  shape  it  assumes,  it  continues  indestructible  and  must 
remain  part  of  the  constellation.  For  this  reason  it  will  exist  forever. 

The  elements  and  matter  of  all  planets,  being  inert,  cannot  move, 
become  a  liquid,  solidify,  evaporate,  move  from  one  planet  to  another, 
live,  grow,  die  or  change  themselves  in  any  form  whatsoever,  except 
by  the  agency  of  the  force  of  differential  density. 

A  candle  flame  could  not  support  combustion,  unless  the  tallow 
were  heated  and  evaporated  by  the  force  of  differential  density  of 
heat,  nor  could  it  give  out  its  own  image,  if  it  did  not  create  a  force 
of  differential  density  by  withdrawing  the  oxygen  of  the  air,  which 
by  the  same  force  is  conveyed  further  as  the  force  of  differential 
density,  and  finally  recognized  as  light. 

The  oxygen  and  the  solid  tallow  are  here  chemically  transformed 
into  carbonic  acid  gas  and  vapor  of  water,  all  of  which  is  indestructible 
and  remains  on  the  planet. 

The  sun  would  not  burn  unless  its  solid  matter  were  first  evapo- 
rated by  heat,  and  then  combined  with  the  hydrogen  of  space.  This 
hydrogen  must  enter  first  and  cross  through  the  flame,  where  it  is 
heated  to  500  degrees  before  it  is  fit  to  become  part  of  the  combustive 
combination.  When  the  matter  of  the  sun  is  united  with  the  hydrogen 

—  19  — 


gas,  it  forms  a  lighter  and  much  expended  invisible  new  gaseous  com- 
pound which  remains  as  indestructible  as  before  the  combustion  took 
place,  and  which  accumulates  around  the  solar  flames.  By  this  pro- 
cess of  feeding  upon  the  hydrogen  of  space,  the  sun  increases  in  size 
and  in  levity  and,  by  the  force  of  heat,  is  transformed  from  a  small, 
heavy,  dense  and  worn  out  planet,  into  a  larger,  gaseous  and  evapo- 
rated invisible  light  world.  It  commences  its  career  as  a  comet  which 
has  gained  in  the  operation  all  of  the  hydrogen  gas  it  had  lost  from  the 
time  it  was  preyed  upon  by  the  sun  when  a  planet.  The  operation  is 
nothing  more  than  a  renovating  process,  which  insures  eternal  exist- 
ence to  the  celestial  bodies,  as  well  as  to  their  constituents. 

One  proof  of  this  theory  is  established  by  the  fact  that  every  time 
a  planet  goes  through  this  evolution,  it  leaves  a  residue  of  combustion 
in  the  form  of  a  satellite,  all  the  matter  of  which  still  belongs  to  and 
is  inseparable  from  that  certain  planet  from  which  it  originated.  How- 
ever, because  the  residue  was  not  evaporated  with  the  rest  at  the  time, 
it  can  never  recombine  with  the  body  of  the  future  planet  and  is 
therefore  seen  floating  on  the  outside  in  the  strata  of  density  in  equi- 
librium with  the  density  it  presents  as  a  whole." 

The  moon,  with  its  mountains  and  riverbeds  washed  by  fire,  is 
a  visible  proof  that  it  was  left  as  residue  of  combustion,  at  the  time 
our  planet  was  a  sun.  This  is  further  proved  by  the  fact  that  when 
some  fragments,  called  aerolites,  become  detached,  they  fall  back  upon 
the  earth.  They  show  positively  by  their  structure  that  the  moon 
formed  part  of  the  melted  bed  of  an  extinguished  sun.  The  fact  alone 
that  the  aerolite  falls  back  upon  the  earth  would  suggest  that  the 
moon's  matter  originally  belonged  to  and  is  part  of  the  earth,  and  that 
although  it  is  in  equilibrium  as  a  whole  where  its  present  position  is, 
yet  this  is  not  true  in  so  far  as  the  pieces,  which  become  detached  and 
fall  upon  our  planet,  are  concerned. 

Our  satellite,  therefore,  furnishes  us  with  the  proof  that  our  planet 
was  once  a  luminous  star,  and  teaches  us,  further,  that  Saturn,  with  its 
eight  moons,  has  been  a  luminary  eight  times.  Jupiter  and  Uranus 
have  each  assumed  this  condition  four  times,  while  Mars,  having  no 
satellite,  is  a  planet  still  in  the  original  state  and  has  not  as  yet  passed 
through  the  solar  evolution.  The  inhabitants  of  Mars,  who  are  on  a 
planet  half  the  size  of  ours,  certainly  must  have  had  earlier  knowl- 
edge about  this  force  of  differential  density  than  we  have,  since  it 
appears  they  have  been  able  with  it,  to  protect  their  planet  from  the 
heavy  weight  of  old  age,  and  have  it  preserved  as  yet  in  the  virgin 
state.  The  same  should  be  done  to  save  ours. 

Mars  is  situated  48,000,000  miles  further  than  we  are  from  these 
ravageous  influences  of  the  sun  which  cause  so  much  disastrous  havoc 
upon  our  planet.  It  therefore  has  no  such  storms,  tornadoes  or  earth- 
quakes as  we  have,  no  such  excess  of  heat  and  cold,  and  its  people 
must  certainly  wear  a  broad  smile  when  they  see  our  planet  in  the 
grasp  of  an  electrical  storm  which,  when  the  lightning  flashes,  makes 
our  planet  loom  up  in  space,  with  tongues  of  fire,  like  the  beginning  of 
a  new  luminary.  We  are  by  this  means  given  the  evidence  of  how  our 
planet  will  be  transformed  into  a  luminary  when  this  lightning  becomes 
continual. 

Just  now  the  phenomenon  is  only  a  warning.  The  inhabitants  of 
our  planet  may  either  let  it  go  at  that  or  take  measures  to  retard  the 
inevitable  end.  It,  however,  shows  fairly  well,  that  when  these  flashes 
become  continual,  our  planet  will  metamorphose  into  a  star.  Lightning 
is  nothing  else  than  the  hydrogen  gas  derived  from  our  planet  which, 
by  accumulating  in  the  space  above,  creates  the  force  of  differential 

—  20  — 


density  which  causes  it  to  return  to  re-establish  an  equilibrium.  When 
this  gas  pierces  through  the  atmosphere,  some  of  it  enters  in  combina- 
tion with  the  oxygen  and  forms  rain,  while  that  which  comes  in  contact 
with  the  earth  starts  fire  and  combustion.  It  would,  without  doubt, 
create  a  general  combustion  were  the  earth  less  protected  from  it  by 
its  own  atmospheric  air  (composed  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen  gas). 

Not  only  do  the  sun,  comets  and  planets  change  form  and  position 
in  the  perpetuation  of  the  various  worlds,  but  everything  upon  them 
undergoes  continual  changes.  The  gigantic  vegetation  and  big  trees, 
which  used  to  grow  on  our  planet,  are  nowhere  now  to  be  seen  on  the 
face  of  the  earth.  They  are  buried  by  the  caving  beneath  the  earth 
and  form  the  substance  of  our  coal  supply.  The  colossal  mastodon 
and  the  animals  of  the  antediluvian  world  have  all  passed  away  long  ago. 
Even  the  caloric  of  the  poles,  where  the  luxuriant  vegetation  used  to 
grow  and  upon  which  those  animals  grazed,  is  now  extinct  in  the  solidly 
frozen  desolation.  The  largest  animals  of  the  present  age  are  quickly 
becoming  wiped  out.  The  earth  of  today  is,  in  many  respects,  in  a 
different  condition  from  what  it  was  5,000  to  10,000  years  ago.  The 
present  human  generation,  represented  by  1,500,000,000  inhabitants, 
will  in  a  few  years  change  and  make  room  for  others.  Not  even  half 
of  those  alive  today  will  exist  in  40  years  from  now.  It  has  been 
estimated  that  over  three  million  deaths  occur  a  year. 

When  one  is  born  he  draws  upon  the  general  store  of  oxygen. 
This  is  continued  until  he  passes  away.  This  process  produces  the 
carbonic  gas  which  is  used  to  nourish  vegetation  and  is  provided  to  fit 
this  requirement.  It  could  not  be  expected  that  the  lung  power  of  the 
animals,  at  present  occupying  the  earth,  could  produce  as  much  of  this 
carbonic  gas  to  aid  the  life  of  the  luxuriant  vegetation,  as  was  fur- 
nished by  the  gigantic  antediluvian  animals,  with  their  powerful  lungs 
and  enormous  proportions.  During  that  period  of  time  the  earth  was 
also  much  larger.  The  earth  has  since  shrunk  considerably  and  what 
grows  upon  it  is  now  much  smaller.  The  larger  animals  and  vegeta- 
tion disappear  to  make  room  for  the  smaller,  and  in  this  way  every- 
thing changes  and  moves  constantly. 

All  this  proves  our  deduction  regarding  the  everlasting  of  worlds 
and  the  matter  upon  them.  Inert  matter,  being  indestructible,  always 
has  and  will  exist  forever.  The  changes  made  are  all  due  to  the  energy 
creating  the  force  of  differential  density,  manifested  by  light,  heat, 
magnetism,  electricity,  life,  motion  and  sound,  all  of  which  are  but 
a  change  of  density  and  condition  in  matter.  This  force  is  only  fell 
upon  the  nerves  by  the  differential  density  it  produces  upon  them. 
It  may  cause  chemical  changes,  as  in  the  case  of  light,  molecular 
changes  as  in  the  case  of  heat,  or  bodily  motion  in  the  case  of  visible 
or  invisible  matter,  as  in  sound,  still  nothing  is  lost  of  the  inert  matter; 
every  atom  remains  to  be  used  and  reused  forever. 

Some  of  the  early  colossal  vegetation  has  since  become  and  is 
now  seen  as  coal,  while  other  portions  of  the  same  vegetation  have 
decomposed  and  formed  the  soil.  Many  billions  of  animals  have  been 
born,  lived  and  died  upon  our  planet  and  of  which  we  never  will  know 
anything.  Some  of  these  fed  upon  vegetable  matter  and  others  upon 
animals,  yet  none  has  taken  as  much  even  as  an  atom  of  matter  away. 
After  dissolution,  all  have  returned  their  chemical  constituents  to  the 
planet,  and  it  is  through  this  foresight  of  nature  that  life  is  yet  possible 
upon  the  earth.  The  very  inert  elements  used  and  reused,  many  mil- 
lion times,  over  and  over  again,  form  today  every  part  and  the  body 
of  our  atmosphere,  the  oceans,  vegetable  and  animal  matter,  and  are 
the  same  which  will  be  used  again  and  again  for  all  time  to  come. 

—  21  — 


Formation  of  Water. 

THE  energy  which  produces  the  force  of  differential  density, 
being  foreign  to  all  matter,  can  disintegrate  anything,  although 
it  produces  only  a  temporary  change  in  that  way.  When  the 
animal  body,  which  is  composed  of  90  per  cent  of  water,  lib- 
erates its  components  in  the  form  of  gases,  it  does  so  in  this  way.  One 
atom  of  oxygen  returns  to  mix  with  the  atmosphere,  while  two  atoms 
of  hydrogen  rise  above  it  (hydrogen  being  14  times  lighter  than  air). 
This  hydrogen  cannot  sink  into  the  denser  strata,  except  when  it  be- 
comes chemically  combined,  at  a  high  and  rarefied  latitude,  with  free 
oxygen.  This  combination,  after  expanding  through  rarefication,  forms 
the  component  of  water  which  is  then  used  again,  in  this  condition,  by 
the  vegetable  and  animal  life.  This  agrees  correctly  with  the  fact  that 
oxygen  and  hydrogen  gases,  when  in  contact  and  through  the  expan- 
sion of  the  molecules,  either  by  the  force  of  heat  or  that  of  rarefica- 
tion, will  unite  chemically  to  form  the  compound  of  water.  It  also 
proves  that,  when  nitrogen  becomes  substracted  by  the  lower  vegeta- 
tion, it  promotes  the  formation  and  subsequent  fall  of  rain.  Free 
oxygen,  being  slightly  more  dense  than  the  nitrogen  of  the  air,  would 
not  come  in  contact  with  the  free  hydrogen  of  space  unless  this  nitro- 
gen were  substracted  below  by  the  vegetation,  thus  leaving  the  oxygen 
in  free  state  above.  We  thus  observe  that  rain  is  another  phenomenon 
due  to  the  force  of  differential  density  in  these  elements. 


Lightning. 


IT  IS  also  the  force  of  differential  density  which  causes  the  phe- 
nomena of  lightning  and  thunder.  This  activity  is  due  to  the  loss 
of  hydrogen,  which  undoes  the  chemical  equilibrium  of  the  planet, 
as  it  is  withdrawn  by  the  sun's  energy  and  becomes  lost  to  the 
main  body  of  the  earth.  The  differential  density  thus  produced  creates 
the  atomic  attraction  called  chemical  affinity.  This  is  nothing  else 
than  the  same  force  of  differential  density  by  virtue  of  which  the 
hydrogen  gases  pierce  their  way  back  through  the  isolating  atmos- 
pheric envelope  in  the  effort  to  re-establish  the  undone  equilibrium. 
At  present,  comparatively  small  quantities  of  this  gas  are  able  to  force 
their  way  through  the  protective  envelope.  However,  in  proportion 
to  the  increase  of  this  force  and  the  decrease  of  the  protective  gases 
in  thickness,  so  the  possibility  of  our  planet  changing  into  a  sun  will 
increase.  The  earth  will  finally  be  metamorphosed  into  a  luminary  by 
this  same  force  of  differential  density  which  is  being  continually  inten- 
sified by  the  withdrawal  of  hydrogen  and  which  is  the  force  which  is 
doing  all  of  nature's  work,  and  which  acts  at  the  sun.  Even  now,  when 
lightning  strikes,  the  hydrogen  does  not  show  as  if  it  crossed  many 
miles  from  above. 

However,  when  the  planet  becomes  a  sun,  it  will,  by  recuperation, 
recover  and  reassimilate  all  the  hydrogen  it  has  lost  and  start  upon  a 
new  cycle  in  the  same  way  as  it  has  done  millions  of  years  in  the 
past. 


—  22  - 


There  is  no  doubt  that  these  flashes  of  lightning  show  in  every 
respect  similarity  to  the  sun's  flame.  They  produce  light,  fire,  heat 
and  sound,  and  are  visible  from  all  the  planets  because  they  withdraw 
hydrogen  from  space  and,  as  the  sun  does,  convey  the  force  of  differ- 
ential density  to  the  optical  nerves  of  those  living  on  other  planets,  by 
the  same  method  as  the  force  of  differential  density  of  sun  light  is 
conveyed  to  ours.  It  is  by  these  means  that  our  astronomers  are  able 
to  detect  the  changes  occurring  in  other  stars. 


Sun  Light. 


WHEN  comparing  the  action  of  the  candle  light  with  that  of 
sun  light,  a  similarity  is  made  at  once  apparent  by  the  fact 
that  the   sun's   image  is   reproduced  upon  the   earth  in  all 
directions  and  that  it  must  be  segregated  from  the  confusion 
to  become  visible,  just  as  was  done  with  the  candle  light  by  means  of 
a  lens. 

So,  also,  the  confusion  of  the  sun's  image  produces  the  sam: 
phenomenon  of  light  as  in  the  case  of  the  candle  light. 

We  have  learned  that  the  force  of  differential  density,  produced 
by  candle  light  when  withdrawing  oxygen,  can  lift  6  ounces  of  water 
in  10  seconds,  or  two  tons  of  water  per  day.  The  sun,  in  drawing  upon 
the  hydrogen  of  space,  creates  a  much  more  powerful  force  of  differ- 
ential density.  We  shall  now  investigate  this  force. 

What  is  the  Cause  of  Cold  and   Heat 
upon  the  Planet? 

THE  means  of  arriving  at  some  explanation  as  to  why  extreme 
cold  reigns  at  the  poles  and  excessive  heat  exists  at  the  tropics, 
has  always  been  somewhat  of  a  mystery  to  science.    Although 
the  sun  is  91,430,000  miles  away  from  the  center  of  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  globe,  yet  at  a  distance  of  only  3,500  miles  further, 
we  find  the  temperature  at  the  poles  50  degrees  below  zero.     On  the 
other  hand,  we  have  100  degrees  of  heat,  in  the  shade,  at  the  tropics. 
This  alone  should  have  inspired  the  idea  that  caloric  does  not  reach 
the  earth  in  the  way  suggested.    This  is  substantiated  by  the  fact  that 
on  the  top  of  high  mountains,  which  are  practically  30,000  feet  closer 
to  the  sun  than  the  plains,  across  which  this  caloric  is  supposed  to 
pass,  we  find  cold  latitudes  and  perpetual  snow. 

We  know  the  sun  illuminates  one-half  of  the  planet  at  a  time,  each, 
of  the  poles  receiving  the  sun's  image  six  months  continually.  As  the 
earth  must  appear  like  a  very  small  ball  when  seen  from  the  distance 
of  the  sun,  it  would  be  impossible  that  it  could  pick  out  any  particu- 
lar spot  with  reference  to  the  degree  of  heat  to  be  applied,  in  the  man- 
ner experienced  upon  the  planet,  irrespective  of  any  spot  it  illuminates. 
The  cold  at  the  poles  and  heat  at  the  equator  are  the  result  of  the 
feeding  of  the  sun's  flames  upon  the  hydrogen  of  space.  When  this 
gas  is  withdrawn  and  becomes  consummated  in  the  combustion,  it 
leaves  a  vacuum,  which  is  the  force  of  differential  density  which  is 
forwarded  with  the  force  of  light.  When  this  reaches  the  outer  layer 
of  our  atmosphere  (composed  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen),  which  cannot 
be  used  in  the  sun's  combustion,  it  sucks  the  atmosphere  into  the 
vacuum  mechanically,  in  the  same  manner  as  when  the  water  was 
raised  in  the  vacuum,  in  our  Experiment  7,  Fig.  4.  In  this  way  the 
center  of  heat  of  our  planet  is  displaced  from  the  correct  center  to  a 
point  nearer  the  surface  in  the  direction  of  the  sun.  The  atmosphere 

-23  — 


N 


I  E 


Ek----^A       CMH 


<  M 


A.    to  E.     Shows    distance    traveled    by    the 

earth's  rotation  in  one  hour,   being  1042 

miles  at  the  equator. 
C.     Center  of  the  earth  which  becomes  shifted 

by  the  drawing  force  of  the  sun  from    C 

toH. 

E.  Side  exposed  towards  the  sun. 
I  E  to  E  Equator  line. 

Circumference  of  the  earth  is  250,000  miles. 
The  dark  line  shows  the  thickness  of  the 

earth's  crust  of  28  miles. 

F.  Dotted    line  shows    the    bulging    of   the 
atmospheric  envelope. 

This  contracts  at  the  North  and  South 
Poles.  E.  shows  the  large  atmospheric 
bulging  at  day  and  I  E  the  lowering  or 
contraction  at  night. 

N.     North  Pole. 

S.      South  Pole. 


Fig.  8.    Section  through 
the  earth. 


M.     Shows  the  highest  projecting  mountain, 

the  "Everett",  29,000  feet. 
L.    Shows  the  lowest  depression  in  the  Pacific 

Ocean  of  30,000  feet. 

K.     Shows  point  of  magnetic  declination  at 
the  Pole. 
Diameter  from  North  to  South  Pole  7898 

miles. 

Diameter  through  Equator  7926  miles. 
Temperature  of  the  Earth: 

at    2      miles  down    212  degrees  Farenheit. 
'     11A  750    degrees    Temper- 

ature of  red  hot  iron, 
at  18  miles  down  1850  degrees  Temperature 

of  melted  glass, 

at  28  miles  down  2700  degrees  Temperature 
everything  in  melted  state. 


thereby  assumes  an  elliptic  form,  as  is  shown  by  Fig.  8,  bulging  out 
at  the  equator,  where  the  relaxation  of  pressure  is  acting,  and  contract- 
ing at  the  poles.  In  consequence  of  the  bulging  of  the  atmosphere  to 
one  side,  the  center  caloric  becomes  displaced  toward  the  sun  and 
produces  the  excessive  summer  heat  at  the  particular  locality.  This 
also  explains  how,  at  night,  this  same  heat,  together  with  the  receding 
of  the  atmosphere  into  the  earth,  as  it  is  drawn  out  at  other  localities, 
produces  the  cold  of  night.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  surface  of 
earth  comes  in  contact  then  with  the  upper  cold  strata  of  air.  It  is  a 
wise  provision  of  nature,  for  it  purifies  the  air  every  twenty-four  hours, 
by  filtering  it  through  the  soil  and  the  oceans,  and  thus  provides  the 
refreshing  atmosphere  of  the  morning.  The  molecular  expansion  of 
the  force  of  heat  remains  latent  in  the  inert  matter  in  contact,  due  to  its 
slow  motion,  and  thereby  prevents,  in  summer,  the  complete  cooling 
to  freezing  point  at  night,  as  the  caloric  recedes  back  into  the  bowels 
of  the  earth. 

-  24  — 


Heat. 

THIS  illustrates  also,  how  nature  still  manages  to  heat  part  of 
the  earth  and  its  atmosphere  and  provides  the  necessary 
caloric  to  the  vegetable  and  animal  life.  The  present  available 
heat  of  the  earth  is  far  below  its  requirement.  It  is  insufficient 
to  provide  a  comfortable  temperature  upon  the  whole  outer  surface  of 
the  globe  and,  for  that  reason,  we  find  that  while  some  localities  are 
heated  very  effectively,  the  rest  remain  frozen  and  cold.  Heat  must 
now  be  distributed  (to  make  it  reach  around)  alternately,  first  to  the 
northern  hemisphere  and  then  to  the  southern,  producing  in  that  man- 
ner our  summer,  spring,  winter  and  fall.  On  the  other  hand,  where 
this  center  heat  never  reaches,  we  find  perpetually  frozen  ice  and  snow, 
as  at  the  poles  and  upon  high  mountains.  All  planets  are  half  exposed 
towards  the  sun  and  (except  for  the  clouds)  receive  the  image  of  the 
sun  equally  upon  their  entire  exposed  half.  If  heat  crossed  space  in 
the  same  manner  as  light,  this  one-half  would  be  heated  as  thoroughly 
as  it  is  lighted.  Wherever  the  sun's  image  appears  upon  the  earth  it 
produces  day  light.  However,  heat  is  not  felt  at  all  of  the  localities 
which  are  lighted.  Heat/  being  a  molecular  resistance,  is  too  slow 
moving,  and  cannot  cross  space  to  warm  the  planet.  Before  it  could 
heat  our  atmosphere,  it  would  have  to  expand  every  molecule  of  gas 
in  the  91,430,000  miles  of  space  which  separates  us  from  the  luminary. 
This  would  be  necessary  to  enable  it  to  produce  therein  the  molecular 
differential  density  of  heat.  This  is  all  the  more  impossible  in  that 
this  gas  is  the  poorest  conductor  of  heat  known.  It  is  true  that  when 
exposed  to  the  sun's  light,  one  feels  a  sensation  of  heat  creeping  into 
his  being.  This  is  not  due  to  any  of  the  sun's  caloric  crossing  space, 
for  only  the  chemical  force  of  light  and  the  mechanical  force  of  sound 
can  cross  space.  It  is  due,  however,  to  the  expansion  of  the  molecules 
of  the  matter  composing  the  skin  by  which  the  light  force  is  trans- 
formed into  that  of  heat. 

The  heat  from  this  conversion  is  not  lasting.  It  is  only  a  local 
change.  When  you  step  from  the  sunlight  into  the  shade  on  a  cold 
day,  you  will  feel  the  difference  immediately.  Furthermore,  the  sun 
could  no  more  heat  the  planets  by  expanding  the  molecules  of  matter 
and  at  the  same  time  produce  the  force  of  differential  density  of  light 
by  withdrawing  hydrogen  gas,  than  the  candle  light  could,  by  with- 
drawing oxygen  from  the  air,  increase  its  density.  Light  and  heat  are 
two  forces  with  opposite  results.  Light  withdraws  certain  elements, 
thereby  producing  a  vacuum.  It  cools,  moves,  shrinks  and  rarefies  by 
diminishing  the  quantity  of  matter,  while  heat  expands  the  molecules 
of  matter,  thereby  increasing  the  volume  to  a  larger  space  without  add- 
ing or  diminishing  the  quantities.  If  heat  could  cross  space,  it  would 
annul  the  force  of  differential  density  of  light.  The  expansion  would 
be  annulled  by  the  vacuum.  If,  in  Experiment  7,  Fig.  4,  the  heat  from 
the  candle's  combustion  had  been  able  to  keep  the  molecules  of  nitro- 
gen in  the  expansion  state,  the  water  could  never  have  risen  into  the 
vacuum  of  the  force  of  light  and  would  not  have  been  transmitted  to 
be  transformed  into  motion  at  the  water. 

Our  planet  is  warmed  by  its  own  caloric,  or  rather  by  the  heat 
density  which  has  remained  at  the  center  of  the  earth  since  it  was 
evolved  from  the  star  state.  This  is  carried  to  the  surface  and  into 
the  atmosphere  by  the  mechanical  action  of  the  force  derived  from 
the  activity  at  the  sun's  flame.  This  force  crosses  space  with  the  force 

—  25  — 


of  light  and  is  reconstructed  into  the  mechanical  force  of  motion,  at 
the  outer  atmospheric  envelope  of  our  planet.  The  chemical  force  of 
light,  however,  continues  its  course  through  the  atmosphere  and  reaches 
the  liquid  and  solid  matter  of  the  earth. 

Chemical  and  Mechanical  Forces. 

TWO  distinct  forces  reach  our  planet  from  the  sun;  one  is  the 
mechanical  force,  derived  from  the  roaring  sound  at  the  solar 
combustion,  and  produces  all  the  mechanical  motions  observed 
around  us,  such  as  the  rotation  of  the  planets,  the  bulging  of 
the  earth  at  the  equator  and  the  shifting  of  the  central  heat.  It  pro- 
duces the  seasons,  the  heat  of  day  and  cold  of  night,  and  purifies  the 
atmospheric  air,  causing  it  to  move  from  a  gentle  breeze  to  the  speed 
>of  hurricane.  It  creates  tornadoes,  causes  the  tides  and  produces  the 
ocean  waves,  earthquakes,  landslides  and  volcanic  eruptions  and  mag- 
netizes the  poles.  All  of  this  is  purely  mechanical  motion.  This  does 
:not  decrease  the  volume  of  one  thing  by  adding  it  chemically  into  an-' 
-other,  but  simply  moves  matter  about.  While  the  results  of  sun  light 
;are  always  chemical  operations,  the  hydrogen  is  withdrawn  by  the 
sun  light,  as  the  oxygen  is  by  the  candle  light.  The  hydrogen  com- 
bines chemically  at  the  sun,  just  as  the  oxygen  combines  chemically  at 
the  candle  flames.  Both  form  new  compounds  and  are  purely  chemi- 
cal operations.  The  combination  of  the  oxygen  with  hydrogen  in  rain, 
is  a  chemical  operation.  In  the  case  of  electric  storms,  several  chemi- 
cal operations  take  place.  In  the  reducing  of  the  bulk  of  the  earth  by 
withdrawing  hydrogen,  a  whole  series  of  chemical  operations  occur. 
By  the  life,  growth  and  death  of  mineral,  animal  and  vegetable  life,  in 
this  way,  we  find  that  the  same  force  of  differential  density  can  pro- 
duce not  only  mechanical  motion,  sound,  but  also  the  chemical  opera- 
tion of  light  and  the  molecular  expansion  of  heat. 

Therefore,  if  light,  which  is  a  chemical  action,  can  induce  molecular 
expansion,  heat  will  result.  If  sound,  or  motion,  which  is  a  mechanical 
product,  can  induce  chemical  action,  light  will  result,  while  if  motion 
can  induce  molecular  action,  (as  by  compression),  then  heat  will  result. 
If  heat,  which  is  a  molecular  resistance,  produces  chemical  reaction, 
light  will  result,  while  the  same  mechanically  applied  will  produce 
sound  or  motion. 

Bulging  of  the  Earth  at  the  Equator. 

THE  bulging  of  the  earth  at  the  Equator  is  another  result  of  the 
relaxation  of  outward  pressure.     When  the  sun  withdraws  the 
hydrogen    of    space,    the    inner    density,    pressing    outwardly, 
pushes  and  holds  the  outer  crust  into  the  relaxation,  with  the 
result    that    the    earth    has    become    an    oblate    spheroid,    having    a 
difference  in  length,  between  the  diameter  at  the  poles  and  that  of 
the  Equator,  of  26  5/11  miles.    This  is  a  phenomenon  which  may  be 
compared  to  the  scattering  of  a  window  pane  on  the  outside  of  a  build- 
ing when  a  big  explosion  occurs.     The  relaxation  of  outside  pressure, 
being  the  force   of  differential   density   of   sound,   permits   the   inner 
air  to   expand  into  the  relaxation  and  carries  the  glass  with  it.     In 
the  same  manner,  the  earth  is  held  forced  into  the  relaxation  pro- 
duced by  the  force  of  sound  at  the  sun,  and  thus  the  equatorial  bulging 
is  formed. 

This  phenomenon  has  been  attributed  erroneously  to  centrifugal 
force.  This  applies  well  enough  to  the  swift  revolving  of  a  grindstone 
or  that  of  a  wheel  from  which  water  and  mud  can  be  thrown  when 
many  revolutions  are  made  a  second,  but  it  cannot  be  the  factor  which 

—  26  — 


lifts  millions  of  tons  of  earthly  matter.  This  is  particularly  true  when 
we  know  that  one  revolution  in  24  hours  does  not  even  lift  or  displace 
a  single  grain  of  sand.  As  for  the  explanation  that  the  earth  acquired 
that  form,  when  it  was  in  a  semi-molten  state,  we  have  the  fact  that 
the  earth  is  caving  in  continually  and  that  it  is  not  to-day  in  the  shape  it 
was  then.  This  caving  in  is  still  going  on  and  is  felt  as  earthquakes. 
Fig.  8  shows  how  much  space  the  earth  moves  in,  in  an  hour. 

Motion  of  the  Earth. 

THE  rotary  motion  of  the  planet  is  another  phenomenon  which 
can  be  attributed  to  the  force  of  differential  density.  It  results 
from  the  same  relaxation  of  pressure  which  is  due  to  the 
vacuum  produced  by  withdrawing  hydrogen  from  space. 
When  the  center  of  heat,  which  is  also  the  center  of  density,  is  moved 
toward  the  sun,  it  increases  the  density  and  weight  in  the  exposed 
portion  of  the  crust  and  thereby  causes  the  motion  from  west  to  east, 
upon  the  elliptic  plane.  This  produces  the  rotary  movement  of  the 
earth,  causing  it  to  revolve  every  24  hours  and  to  encircle  the  sun  every 
365  days.  All  planets  rotate  from  west  to  east  and  are  influenced  by 
the  same  excess  of  density,  caused  by  the  force  of  differential  density 
of  sun  light.  It  acts  upon  all  alike,  but  in  different  intensity  in  pro- 
portion to  the  distance.  Our  satellite,  (the  moon),  has  no  such  rotary 
motion  because  it  has  no  central  density  to  displace.  That  is  why  the 
heavier  portion  of  the  moon^  always  hangs  toward  the  earth.  The  sun 
light  upon  the  moon  surface  can  only  produce  thereon  the  molecular 
expansion  force  of  heat  which  expands  the  inner  gas  and  gives  it  the 
levity  which  allows  it  to  float  in  the  strata  of  equal  density. 

Magnetism  at  the  Poles. 

THAT  fact  that  the  earth  makes  one  revolution,  every  24  hours, 
does  not  imply  that  the  entire  matter  of  the  planet  revolves 
as  a  solid  body.  This  would  be  impossible.  We  know  that 
at  a  depth  of  28  miles  everything  is  in  fusion.  This  liquid 
mass  cannot  follow  the  rotary  movement  of  the  outer  shell  any  more 
than  water  contained  in  a  drinking  glass  could  move  with  the  glass,  if  it 
were  simply  turned  once  around  in  24  hours.  If  this  experiment  is 
tried,  we  will  observe  that  the  liquid  and  molecules  in  contact  with  the 
glass  by  virtue  of  the  inertia,  will  not  move,  but  will  rather  oppose  the 
motion,  and  in  so  doing,  create  a  frictional  resistance.  This  resistance 
between  the  motion  of  the  solid  shell  of  the  earth  and  the  inertia  of  the 
molten  mass  produces  a  friction  at  the  rate  of  1042  miles  per  hour  at 
the  equator,  that  electrifies  the  earth  and  produces  the  polar  magnetism. 
This  is  furthermore  corroborated  by  the  fact  that  the  magnetic  needle 
never  points  to  the  true  north  of  the  earth,  but  to  a  point  corresponding 
to  the  declination,  sustained  from  the  shifting  of  the  center  line  of  den- 
sity as  already  explained,  and  which  displaces  the  caloric  and  the 
density,  or  weight  which  causes  the  planets  to  revolve  on  their  axes. 

Motion  in  the  Atmosphere. 

THE  motion  of  the  atmospheric  air,  in  the  form  of  the  trade 
winds,  wind  storms  and  tornadoes,  results  from  the  effort  of 
the  atmospheric  air  to  re-establish  the  equilibrium  which  is 
being  continually  disturbed  by  the  drawing  force  of  the  sun- 
light and  the  rotary  motion  of  the  earth  on  its  axis,  and  which  is  a 
consequence  of  the  irregularity  between  high  lands  and  mountains  and 
the  lowlands  at  sea  level.    The  column  of  air  which  is  sufficient  upon 
high  places  to  be  in  equilibrium,  becomes  insufficient  as  it  passes  to 

—  27  — 


lower  level,  because  of  the  rotation  of  the  earth.  As  the  gaseous  atmos- 
phere is  movable  and  is  influenced  by  density  and  weight  like  the 
liquid  and  solid  earth's  crust,  the  air  being  movable  does  not  follow 
the  motion,  and  therefore  must  rush  from  place  to  place  to  fill  the 
discrepancy  in  the  height.  When  this  takes  place  at  the  same  hour 
every  day,  as  it  is  experienced  at  certain  localities  and  during  certain 
seasons,  it  produces  what  is  known  as  the  trade  or  periodical  winds. 
The  relaxation  of  pressure  acts  half  the  year  on  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere and  the  other  half  on  the  southern  hemisphere,  due  to  the  yearly 
movement  of  the  earth  about  the  sun.  These  two  movements  produce, 
at  times,  such  suction  upon  the  atmospheric  air,  that  in  order  to  re- 
establish the  equilibrium,  the  air  must  rush  forth  with  such  velocity 
that  it  attains  the  swiftness  of  the  hurricane  and  wind  storm. 

r-w-^  The  Tides. 

HE  tides  furnish  another  illustration  of  motion  derived  from 
V         this  same  relaxation  of  pressure.    It  causes  the  oceans  to  bulge 
out  into  the  same  relaxation  of  pressure  from  light,  as  do  the 
earth  and  its  atmosphere.     This  action  upon  the  fluid  matter 
permits  it  to  return  to  the  equilibrated  state,  like  the  air,  as  soon  as  the 
relaxation  is  past  and  acts  elsewhere.    The  lifting  of  the  ocean  forms 
the  tides.     This  movement  would  actually  occur  every  24  hours,  but 
for  the  inertia  of  motion  of  the  water  as  the  result  of  which  about  two 
hours  per  day  are  lost,  before  the  tide  is  able  to  follow  again  into  this 
relaxation.    Nevertheless,  other  independent  waves  are  caused  which, 
when  greatly  animated  by  the  swift  shifting  and  changes  of  the  atmos- 
pheric pressure,  bring  about  rough  seas,  storms,  etc. 

r-f-1          Mechanical  Motions. 

HE  rotation  of  the  earth.    The  bulging  at  the  equator,  the  shift- 
ing of  the  central  heat,  the  purging  of  the  air  .by  passing  it 
through  the  earth,  the  trade  winds,  wind  storms,  ocean  and 
tidal  waves,  and  the  magnetic  condition  of  the  earth  are  all 
direct  motions  derived  from  the  force  of  differential  density  of  the 
sound  force  at  the  sun.     We  do  not  hear  this  force  except  when  the 
motion  reproduces  again  the  conditions  peculiar  to  sound,  as  that  which 
occurs  in  the  case  of  the  ocean  waves,  the  wind  storms,  etc.    In  all  the 
above  phenomena,  there  is  no  chemical  reaction  representing  light,  nor 
are  there  any  molecular  changes  representing  heat.    There  is  only  the 
force  of  differential  density  of  motion,  the  same  force  which  causes 
heavy  bodies  to  fall  or  lighter  ones  to  rise,  and  which  sets  the  ear 
drum  in  action  when  sound  is  heard. 

r-i-1  Chemical  Forces. 

HE   phenomena   due  to   light  have   chemical   reactions   which 
change  the  constituents  of  matter  by  substracting  the  hydro- 
gen of  the  space  of  the  planets  and  incorporating  it  into  the 
solar   combustion.      Both   of   these   are   chemical   acts.     The 
candle    flame    changes    the    composition    of    air    by   withdrawing   the 
oxygen  which  is  converted  into  other  combinations,  all  of  which  are 
chemical  actions. 

So  the  sun  changes  its  components  by  assimilating  the  hydrogen 
of  space  which  is  derived  from  the  planets ;  its  matter  becomes  evapo- 
rated to  a  larger  size  by  the  change  in  the  combination;  all  of  these 
are  chemical  actions.  The  shrinking  of  the  planets,  their  reduction  in 
bulk,  their  cooling  and  changing  in  weight  and  density,  all  culminate 
from  a  long  series  of  chemical  operations.  By  means  of  these  chemical 
changes,  vegetation  is  transformed  into  animal  matter,  and  vice  versa; 

—  28  — 


finally,  their  chemical  constituents  are  freed  by  decomposition,  the 
hydrogen  rising  above  the  atmosphere  to  be  reused  and  the  oxygen 
remaining  in  the  atmosphere  to  also  once  more  be  reused.  The  loss  of 
hydrogen,  released  through  the  dissolution  of  animal  matter,  imper- 
ceptibly diminishes  the  bulk  of  the  earth  and  reduces  its  caloric  which, 
by  shrinking,  causes  the  earth's  crust  to  cave,  thus  producing  the  earth- 
quakes. The  surplus  of  the  under  caving  is  then  rejected  and  volcanic 
eruptions  result.  Both  the  earthquakes  and  volcanic  eruptions  are  in- 
tended to  adjust  the  differential  density,  with  the  object  of  re-estab- 
lishing the  equilibrium  which  was  undone  by  the  chemical  action  of 
light. 

The  sun  can  produce  many  other  chemical  reactions;  it  bleaches 
and  discolors  most  substances  exposed  to  its  light,  and  it  does  the 
work  upon  the  chemicals  of  the  photographic  plate,  blue  prints  and 
other  similar  objects. 

Feeding  the  Flames. 

N  addition  to  all  of  the  proofs  that  the  sun's  flames  produce  actions 
similar  to  those  of  the^  candle  flame  and  that  both  must  undo  the 
state  of  equilibrium,  recognized  as  light,  we  have  the  fact  that 
both  must  feed  and  therefore  be  surrounded  by  the  gaseous  ele- 


I 


A 


Fig.  9.    Section  through 
the  sun. 

A.  Invisible  incandescent  evaporated  mass,  invisible  but  millions  of  miles  thick. 

B.  Space  where  the  inert  matter  combines  chemically  before  producing-  the  flame. 

C.  Center  core  of  which  the  outside  layers  are  melted  away  and  then  becomes  evaporated. 
Between  C  and  B  is  the  dark  space  where  the  vaporated  matter  combines  with  the  Hydrogen 
entering-  at  opening  E  from  outside  space. 

D.  Flame  of  the  sun  40,000  miles  thick. 

E.  Dark  spots  seen  on  sun  where  the  Hydrogen  enters  from  space. 

—  29  - 


merits  needed  in  the  combustion.  We  have  observed  that  oxygen 
must  be  provided  and  be  fed  continually  to  the  candle  flame.  It  enters 
at  the  dark  space  seen  below  the  flame  and,  combining  with  the  evapo- 
rated tallow  through  a  chemical  union,  produces  the  flame.  The  same 
thing  occurs  at  the  sun.  The  hydrogen  of  space,  which  surrounds  the 
sun,  enters  below  the  flames  to  unite  chemically  with  the  evaporated 
substance  which  is  procured  from  the  center  core.  These  two  unite 
and,  burning  together,  produce  the  sun's  flame.  Below  the  sun's 
flames  exists  a  dark  space,  like  the  one  visible  under  the  candle  flame, 
which  is  visible  where  the  hydrogen  forces  its  entrance  through  the 
luminous  flames,  casting  them  aside  and  then  presenting  to  view  the 
phenomenal  dark  space  called  the  "Sun's  Spots,"  as  shown  by  Fig.  9. 
The  flame  itself,  whether  it  be  that  of  the  candle  or  that  of  the 
sun,  cannot  unite  with  any  elements,  because  it  is  the  result  of  com- 
bustion which  is  the  end  of  the  chemical  action.  Both  produce  chemi- 
cal results  that  remain.  The  result  of  the  candle  flame  finds  its  place 
in  the  atmosphere,  while  that  of  the  sun  remains  evaporated  and 
invisible  and  surrounds  its  luminous  body.  It  is  the  part  of  the  sun 
which  will  form  the  body  of  the  future  comet  and  later  on  the  future 
planet. 

Incandescent  Light. 

WE  can  now  proceed  to  analyze  other  methods  by  which  the 
force  of  differential  density  of  light  is  produced.  One  of 
these  agencies  is  the  incandescent  light  which  is  produced  by 
means  of  the  passing  of  electricity  through  a  carbon  or  tung- 
sten filament  which  is  heated  to  a  white  heat.  Another  is  the  arc  light 
in  which  case  the  current  passes  through  air  and  becomes  luminous, 
or  on  the  other  hand,  heats  some  metal  to  whiteness  like  the  iron  in 
the  forge.  All  this  is  the  same  light  and  can  reproduce  its  image  in 
all  directions.  It  is  by  the  confusion  of  these  images  that  the  phe- 
nomenon of  light  is  produced.  These  methods  of  producing  light 
should  be  classed  as  secondary  results.  This  is  not  light  obtained 
directly  from  energy,  as  from  the  heat  of  burning  matter  which  with- 
draws the  oxygen  from  the  air  or  hydrogen  from  the  space.  These  are 
simply  transformations  wherein  the  energy  is  utilized  to  produce  the 
force  of  motion  or  heat  first  and  where  light  results  only  from  a 
subsequent  transformation  of  the  same  force. 

It  may  be  stated  here  that  this  force  of  nature  once  created,  is 
also  indestructible.  It  will  travel  and  may  be  transformed  from  one 
result  into  another.  It  may  linger  at  matter  for  centuries,  but  it  is  sure 
to  do  its  work  in  the  end,  and  until  every  portion  of  the  force  is  neu- 
tralized. 

An  example  of  transformation  can  be  illustrated  by  the  telephone. 
Here  the  mechanical  vibrating  motion  of  sound  produces  a  relaxation 
of  pressure  upon  the  disk  or  diaphragm  of  soft  iron  at  the  transmitter 
and  induces  a  differential  density  in  the  magnetism  of  the  magnet  which 
is  placed  directly  closely  behind  this  iron  disk;  this  change  in  density 
is  taken  up  by  the  fine  isolated  copper  wire  and  therein  multiplied  by 
reason  of  the  number  of  coils  into  which  the  wire  is  wound,  inducing 
thereby  a  current  of  electricity.  As  the  current  goes  through  the  wire, 
it  conveys  the  same  differential  density  of  electricity  which  is  then 
transformed  into  magnetism  at  the  magnet  of  the  receiving  station. 
This  imparts  a  corresponding  motion  to  the  receiving  disk,  which  then 
reproduces  the  same  mechanical  movement  and  vibrations  as  was  orig- 
inally imparted  to  the  speaking  disk.  In  this  manner  the  identical 
differential  density  of  sound  is  reproduced  in  the  air  and  upon  the 
ear  drum. 

—  30  — 


Thus  we  have  an  illustration  of  many  transformations;  first,  from 
sound  into  motion,  then  into  magnetism,  then  into  an  electric  current, 
then  again  into  magnetism  and  finally  into  the  mechanical  vibrating 
motion  of  sound  which,  when  received  upon  the  ear  drum,  reproduces 
the  original  words  and  sound  perfectly  with  the  proper  pitch  and 
timber.  After  the  speaker  has  furnished  the  energy  which  has  pro- 
duced the  force  of  sound,  the  other  phenomena  are  simply  transforma- 
tions of  the  same  force. 

The  same  thing  occurs  in  the  case  of  the  electric  light.  The  neces- 
sary energy  can  be  derived  from  steam,  gas  engines,  water  turbines,  or 
from  muscular  action,  when  any  one  of  these  is  used  to  rotate  a 
dynamo.  The  resistance  to  this  motion  is  manifested  by  the  force 
which  becomes  apparent  in  the  magnetism  of  the  soft  iron.  This  in- 
duces a  resistance  into  the  insulated  copper  wire  wound  around  it  and 
is  recognized  as  the  electric  current.  When  this  current  encounters  the 
carbon  or  tungsten  filament,  the  molecular  resistance  to  this  current 
produces  heat,  and  when  this  is  heated  to  whiteness,  we  have  light. 

This  light  does  not  require  oxygen  or  hydrogen  as  a  factor  to  pro- 
duce chemical  energy.  The  energy  is  provided  by  the  power  which 
produces  the  motion  and  which  is  provided  by  the  steam,  oil  or  water 
which  runs  the  dynamo.  This  undoes  the  state  of  equilibrium  in  the 
soft  iron  and  the  resistance  to  this  motion  is  manifested  by  the  force 
of  differential  density  in  the  magnetism  which,  by  virtue  of  this  force, 
draws  upon  the  iron,  induces  it  to  move  and  be  magnetized.  It  also 
draws,  by  this  same  force,  upon  the  insulated  copper  wire  wound 
around  the  iron  core  and,  as  it  cannot  induce  magnetism  in  the  copper, 
the  drawing  force  is  resisted  by  the  manifestation  of  an  electric  cur- 
rent passing  through  the  wire.  When  this  current  encounters  molecular 
resistance,  this  same  force  of  differential  density,  which  was  motion, 
next  magnetism  and  then  electricity,  is  transformed  into  heat.  When  it 
becomes  white  hot,  the  same  force  of  differential  density  be- 
comes possessed  of  all  the  chemical  properties  peculiar  to  light.  It 
can  then  reproduce  its  own  image  which,  by  the  confusion  created, 
produces  the  effect  of  light.  It  can  act  chemically  upon  photo  plates, 
blue  prints  and  silver  prints  and  bleaches  and  does  all  the  work  candle 
light  and  solar  light  can  perform. 

In  experiments  10,  11  and  12,  it  has  been  clearly  demonstrated  that 
objects  move  only  by  virtue  of  the  force  of  differential  density,  in  the 
effort  to  re-establish  an  equilibrium;  therefore,  if  anything  at  rest  is 
forcibly  set  in  motion,  the  reverse  action  takes  place,  and  the  state  of 
equilibrium  becomes  undone,  thereby  creating  the  force  of  differential 
density. 

Once  this  force  is  created,  it  can  be  collected  upon  isolated  wires 
as  electricity  and  wound  around  a  soft  iron  core,  in  an  arrangement 
like  that  of  a  dynamo  where  the  electricity  can  be  intensified,  and  the 
force  of  differential  density  of  motion  can  be  transformed  into  magne- 
tism, electricity,  heat  and  light. 

Once  the  force  of  differential  density  of  light  created,  by  means  of 
withdrawing  oxygen  or  hydrogen,  it  can  be  converted  by  the  same 
force  into  the  secondary  light  effect  or  images,  that  needs  no  oxygen 
or  hydrogen,  and  even  into  any  other  secondary  result  as  illustrated 
by  those  produced  from  the  force  of  differential  density  of  sound 
where  the  force  is  converted  into  motion,  magnetism,  electricity  and 
back  into  magnetism,  motion  and  sound,  as  it  occurs  at  the  telephone, 
or  like  at  the  dynamo  where  the  heat  force  producing  motion  is  con- 
verted into  magnetism,  electricity,  heat  and  light,  these  are  all  sec- 
ondary results,  derived  from  the  primitive  force. 

—  31  — 


In  Experiments  2,  3,  4  and  5,  where  the  image  is  seen  projected 
upon  the  wall,  ceiling  and  floor  in  the  inverted  position,  those  images  of 
the  flame  present  the  secondary  results  of  the  force  of  light.  The 
original  force  of  differential  density  produced  by  withdrawing  oxygen 
or  hydrogen  cannot  cross  a  solid  substance,  not  even  glass.  This  was 
demonstrated  by  Experiment  7,  wherein  the  force  of  differential  density 
spends  its  force  (converted  into  motion)  by  lifting  the  water,  because 
it  could  not  cross  the  solid  glass. 

In  the  first  experiments  referred  to,  the  image  becomes  segregated 
from  the  confusion  by  the  convexity  of  the  glass  lens,  and  appears 
further  only  by  virtue  of  the  primary  force  of  differential  density  with- 
out drawing  upon  oxygen.  This  is  a  conversion  from  light  that  requires 
oxygen  into  light,  like  the  electric  kind  that  needs  no  oxygen. 

This  light  can  still  further  reproduce  its  image  or  confusion  of 
images  called  light  as  long  as  the  force  of  differential  density  con- 
tinues. 

All  of  which  goes  to  show  that  the  forces  of  motion,  light,  heat, 
electricity,  magnetism,  sound,  life  and  the  rest  of  them,  are  but  one 
and  the  same  force  of  differential  density.  It  cannot  be  incorporated 
into  matter,  but  acts  accordingly,  as  the  energy  is  employed  in  undo- 
ing the  state  of  equilibrium,  whether  chemically,  molecularly  or 
mechanically,  when  it  will  produce  light,  heat  or  sound.  Once  the 
force  is  created  it  is  indestructible.  It  will  do  the  work  and  can  be 
transformed  from  one  result  into  another,  provided  the  proper  condi- 
tions are  present,  and  the  force  of  differential  density  still  exists.  In 
which  case  each  result  will  present  and  possess  all  the  peculiarities 
by  which  the  particular  result  is  recognized. 

The  moon  light  is  also  a  secondary  powerful  source  of  illumina- 
tion. The  sun  reproduces  its  image  upon  the  exposed  surface  of  the 
moon;  the  moon  in  turn  reproduces  its  image  upon  the  earth,  while 
the  confusion  of  the  sun's  image  produces  the  light  effect  upon  the 
moon.  Just  as  the  confusion  of  the  image  of  the  moon  produces  the 
moon  light  effect  upon  the  earth,  this  illuminated  surface  can  still 
further  reproduce  its  image  and  confusions,  as  long  as  the  force  of 
differential  density  continues.  All  these  phenomena  are  the  result 
of  resistance  to  the  original  chemical  energy  produced  at  the  sun's 
combustion.  It  causes  the  motion  of  matter  to  be  toward  the  sun 
because  it  was  there  that  the  original  equilibrium  was  undone,  and  the 
motion  of  matter  goes  in  that  direction,  with  the  object  of  re-establish- 
ing it.  There  can  be  no  reflection  of  light.  It  is  the  same  force, 
drawing  upon  the  moon  (which  can  furnish  nothing  toward  the  return 
to  equilibrium)  which  is  forwarded  to  the  earth,  and  produces  there 
the  force  of  differential  density  called  moon  light.  In  the  same  manner 
everything  illuminated  becomes  visible  by  the  action  of  the  original 
energy  which,  by  creating  the  chemical  force  of  differential  density 
and  undoing  the  equilibrium,  creates  the  negative  force  which  is  for- 
warded until  it  procures  the  element  which  is  to  re-establish  it,  and,  in 
this  way,  reaches  upon  the  sensitive  optical  nerves. 

Nothing  leaves  the  luminary.  It  is  a  pull  all  the  way  through  until 
the  undone  equilibrium  becomes  re-established.  The  force  of  differ- 
ential density,  once  created,  is  indestructible  and  will  travel  and  act 
until  utilized  or  neutralized. 

Light  has  never  been  demonstrated  as  we  have  described  it  in 
this  work.  To  enter  further  upon  a  complete  treatise  of  the  workings 
of  the  force  of  light,  would  necessitate  a  full  description  and  analysis 
of  sound.  Both  forces,  being  the  same  force  of  differential  density, 
act  alike  in  many  respects.  In  light  we  have  the  image,  while  in  sound 
it  is  called  the  timbre.  The  colors  are  the  pitch,  and  the  intensity  in 

—  32  — 


light  is  called  the  loudness  in  sound.  Then  we  have  what  we  call  light 
proper,  which  is  the  confusion  of  images.  In  sound  this  is  called 
noise,  which  is  the  confusion  of  sounds.  What  light  is  to  the  eye, 
sound  is  to  the  ear.  Both  follow  certain  rules,  which  require  much 
explanation  and  which  I  cannot  enter  upon  now,  for  lack  of  space.1 


1  The  reader  who  desires  more  information  regarding  the  force  of  differ- 
ential density  of  "Sound,"  can  obtain  the  same  from  my  work  entitled  "THE 
ANALYSIS  OF  SOUND,"  which  is  a  complete  treatise  on  acoustics.  It 
explains  how  Pitch,  Timbre  a.nd  Loudness  are  mechanically  produced  and 
received  by  the  hearing  organs  and  conveyed  to  the  brain.  How  this  force 
can  be  used  mechanically,  conveyed  and  held  in  a  receptacle,  a  feature  not 
possible  with  the  force  as  light.  This  work  will  be  published  when  a  suf- 
ficient number  of  subscribers  are  secured,  and  will  prove  to  be  of  great  help 
in  abating  deaf-muteness. 


Finally. 


IN  recapitulating,  let  us  sum  up  the  experiments  we  have  made  to 
assist  us  in  discovering  what  light  is.    We  have  found,  by  Experi- 
ment No.  2,  that  when  the  image  of  the  flame  is  thrown  upon  the 
wall,  by  moving  the  lens  in  either  direction,  the  picture  is  repro- 
duced everywhere  and  the  confused  condition  of  the  image  (See  Exp. 
3)  gives  us  what  we  recognize  as  light. 

By  Experiments  4,  5  and  6,  we  find  that  all  such  images  are  not 
exactly  alike,  but  duplicates  of  the  flame  as  seen  from  the  particular 
direction,  and  that  the  motion  of  oxygen  is  toward  the  candle,  and 
nothing  is  started  from  the  light. 

In  Experiment  8,  the  force  of  light  reveals  itself  by  lifting  water, 
from  which  the  natural  conclusion  arises  that  light  is  the  force  of  dif- 
ferential density  due  to  the  extraction  which  produces  a  vacuum  of  that 
element,  in  the  invisible  air,  which,  when  acting  upon  the  nerves  of 
the  eyes  is  light,  but  when  acting  upon  water  is  transformed  into  visible 
motion;  and  that  light  and  motion  is  not  material  oxygen  or  nitrogen, 
but  the  invisible  imponderable  force  of  differential  density  existing 
between  the  two  densities  of  the  air  and  of  the  nitrogen  left,  after  the 
oxygen  is  substracted.  We  have  here  a  force  which  is  indestructible, 
by  reason  of  the  fact  that  it  consists  of  nothing  but  the  unequal  condi- 
tion of  matter. 

In  Experiments  9,  10,  11  and  12,  it  was  demonstrated  that  it  is 
the  same  force  of  differential  density  which  causes  all  bodies  to  rise 
or  fall  toward  equal  density,  which,  when  once  reached,  re-establishes 
the  equilibrium,  when  the  force  is  at  an  end. 

In  Experiments  13  and  14,  by  reversing  the  order  of  natural 
density,  another  proof  is  added  to  those  previously  presented,  since 
the  same  force  acts  both  ways.  Here  is  explained  the  reason  why  all 
inert  matter  is  indestructible  and  everlasting,  and  how  this  force  of 
differential  density  procures  and  maintains  the  oxygen  of  the  air  and 
the  hydrogen  of  space,  the  elements  by  which  all  inert  matter  acquires 
the  chemical  force  by  which  it  lives  and  becomes  active.  This  is  not 
due  to  the  addition  or  substraction  of  anything,  but  to  the  creation  of 
the  force  of  differential  density,  which,  by  the  undoing  of  the  equilib- 
rium, calls  into  existence  the  force  which  must  restore  it.  This  consti- 
tutes the  force  which  draws  upon  the  same  element  as  the  one  used 
in  the  chemical  energy  at  the  combustion,  and  in  this  way  conveys 
the  unestablished  state  of  equilibrium,  as  the  force  of  differential 
density,  along  and  to  the  nerves.  The  fact  that  the  component  parts  of 
the  nerves  are  of  the  very  same  elements,  makes  them  sensitive  to 
that  specific  force. 


It  is  further  shown,  in  Fig.  8,  how  the  sun,  by  using  this  same 
force  of  differential  density,  by  the  conversion  of  light  into  motion, 
heats  the  earth  Jby  simply  drawing  and  moving  the  central  caloric  to 
the  surface  and  into  the  air  which  moves  to  fill  up  the  vacuum  created ; 
how  this  extra  density,  by  its  own  weight,  then  causes  the  rotary  move- 
ment of  the  earth's  crust;  also  how,  by  the  resistance  of  the  inertia 
through  the  frictional  motion  of  the  hot  fluid  matter  of  the  inner  mass 
against  the  motion  of  the  solid  crust,  it  magnetizes  the  poles ;  and,  fur- 
thermore, how  it  causes  the  bulging  at  the  equator  and  of  the  ocean, 
thereby  producing  the  tides,  the  atmospheric  motion,  and  all  other 
mechanical  movements  of  inert  matter  on  the  planet  and  its  surround- 
ing atmosphere,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  wind  storms,  earthquakes,  vol- 
canic eruptions,  etc.  All  these  actions  are  similar  to  the  raising  of  the 
water  by  the  chemical  energy  at  the  combustion,  whereby  a  vacuum 
is  produced,  through  consuming  oxygen  at  the  candle  flame,  as  was 
demonstrated  by  Exp.  7,  and  where  the  same  force  of  differential 
density  is  transformed  from  light  into  motion. 

The  force  at  the  sun's  combustion  also  causes  other  chemical  reac- 
tions besides  light,  such  as  rain,  lightning,  life,  the  chemical  work  on 
the  photographic  plates,  bleaching,  etc.,  due  to  the  chemical  action  of 
the  force  of  differential  density  upon  the  inert  matter. 

So  we  find  that  all  the  phenomena  of  nature  are  simply  different 
results  accruing  from. the  same  force  of  differential  density.  This  same 
force,  when  acting  upon  inert  matter,  in  one  condition  creates,  by  mole- 
cular expansion,  the  force  of  heat  and  life,  and  while  in  another  condi- 
tion, when  not  acting  upon  the  molecules,  produces  the  mechanical 
forces  of  motion  and  sound. 

So,  also,  it  has  been  demonstrated  that  this  force,  once  created, 
is  indestructible,  and  will  transform  itself,  until  consumed  into  any 
secondary  result  in  the  effort  to  re-establish  equilibrium.  In  this  way 
the  incandescent  light  is  derived  from  the  transformation  of  motiop 
into  magnetism,  electricity,  heat,  and  finally  light.  All  are  one  and 
the  same  force  of  differential  density.  This  force  which  undoes  the 
state  of  equilibrium,  if  once  created,  will  reconstruct  that  equilib- 
rium, no  matter  what  it  must  act  upon,  no  matter  how  far 
it  must  travel,  and  no  matter  into  what  result  it  may  be  trans- 
formed. It  can  travel  enormous  distances  when  in  the  form  of  light, 
electricity  and  sound  and,  if  it  is  not  utilized,  will  travel  still  further, 
like  the  moon  light.  It  will  even  return  to  the  place  where  it  was  cre- 
ated, as  in  the  case  of  the  phenomenon  of  the  echo  in  sound.  On  the 
other  hand,  it  may  wait  until  centuries  have  passed,  before  it  manifests 
itself  in  the  shape,  for  instance,  of  the  force  which  causes  landslides, 
earthquakes,  and  the  falling  of  rocks  from  the  hillside.  It  is  also  the 
same  force  which  brings  back  to  the  earth  the  aerolites  which  become 
detached  from  the  moon. 

As  a  final  argument,  it  has  been  demonstrated  that  both  the  candle 
flame  and  the  sun's  flames  must  be  fed;  that  all  living  inert  matter 
must  use  and  transform  chemically  some  inert  element  into  another 
compound  that  leaves  an  unsettled  equilibrium,  to  be  able  to  produce 
by  the  energy  at  the  combustion,  the  force  of  differential  density, 
which  is  then  light,  motion,  heat  and  life.  This  heat  is  the  life  at  the 
sun  which,  by  assimilating  the  hydrogen  gas  in  the  combustion,  pro- 
duces the  force  of  differential  density  which  builds  up,  by  expansion 
and  evaporation,  from  the  same  inert  matter  derived  from  an  old  worn- 
out  planet,  a  new  invisible  comet  which  will  in  the  future  be  a  visible 
world.  In  the  same  way  the  heat  force,  assimilating  oxygen  at  the 
candle  flame,  produces  the  force  of  differential  density  which  can 

—  34  — 


transform  a  visible  tallow  candle  into  invisible  carbonic  acid  gas  and 
water  vapor,  and  in  so  doing  draws  upon  the  element  it  consumes,  it  is 
the  same  force  of  heat  which,  by  assimilating  oxygen,  produces  the 
force  of  differential  density  which,  by  forming  a  new  compound,  builds 
up  the  animal  and  vegetable  tissues  and  gives  them  life.  This  with- 
drawal of  the  inert  element  used  in  the  combustion,  through  the  undo- 
ing of  the  equilibrium,  becomes  and  represents  the  positive  part  of  the 
force.  This  force  is  entirely  converted  into  heat  and  is  wholly  used  up. 
Because  it  leaves  matter  in  an  unequal  state  of  density,  it  creates  the 
negative  part  of  the  force  whose  office  is  to  re-establish  the  equilibrium 
again.  In  light  this  negative  part  of  the  force,  drawing  upon  the  same 
element,  has  to  travel  until  it  can  find  this  element  and  thus  convey 
the  force  of  differential  density  further  until  sufficient  of  the  same  ele- 
ment is  procured  to  re-establish  the  equilibrium.  In  so  doing,  it  repro- 
duces the  images  of  the  flame  and  imparts,  by  the  confused  images,  the 
sensation  of  light  when  it  reaches  and  acts,  as  the  force  of  differential 
density,  upon  the  elements  of  the  visual  nerves. 

As  this  withdrawal  of  the  elements  also  creates  a  vacuum,  it  will 
act  upon  any  other  inert  matter  it  cannot  use  or  assimilate,  and  when 
free  to  move  it  is  displaced. into  the  vacuum  and  becomes  manifest  as 
motion.  This  is  how  the  differential  density  of  the  chemical  force  of 
light  can  be  transformed  into  that  of  motion,  and  lifts  water,  and  why 
the  sun's  light  can  rotate  and  heat  the  earth,  bulge  the  equator,  move 
the  ocean  and  the  atmosphere.  When  this  same  force  acts  in  expand- 
ing the  molecules  of  inert  matter  (in  the  combustion)  it  produces  a 
strain  upon  them  which  is  the  molecular  force  of  differential  density 
of  heat.  This  remains  in  the  molecules  of  the  inert  matter  at  the  sun, 
or  as  long  as  this  expansion  lasts  or  is  kept  up,  in  the  combustion,  by 
feeding  it  upon  suitable  elements. 

The  life  of  all  the  phenomena  of  nature,  therefore,  depends  entirely 
upon  the  constant  feeding  of  inert  matter,  which  can  produce  the  chem- 
ical energy,  from  which  the  force  of  the  differential  density  of  heat, 
light,  life,  motion  and  other  phenomena  are  all  derived. 

Seeing  is  that  feeling  caused  by  this  force  of  differential  density 
which  is  created  by  the  energy  at  the  combustion  through  the  with- 
drawal of  the  same  inert  element  of  which  the  optical  nerves  are  com- 
posed. When  this  draws  upon  those  nerves  the  differential  density 
it  creates  impresses  them  with  the  original  image  or  the  confusion  of 
these  images,  and  the  result  is  light.  When  any  object  is  then  further 
illuminated  by  this  confusion  of  images,  it  is  still  the  first  original 
force  of  differential  density  which  acts  and  is  felt.  Even  when  the 
energy  is  applied  to  cause  motion,  which  induces  magnetism,  electricity 
and  heat,  the  final  result  of  light  is  due  still  to  the  first  original  force  of 
differential  density  of  motion  converted  into  light. 


—  35 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  BESK  FROM  WHICH 


BORROWED 


LOAN  DEPT. 


This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stam 
the  date  to  which 


on 


renewed. 


pedbe 


low,  or 


Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


2   Oct'5'.'  ? 
REC'D  LD 

REC'D  LD 


REC'D  »_n 

S '65-8  AM 


OEC23!96n  3 
OKI  7 '69-1 PM 


AUG    7  o '  -3 


LD  21-100m-6,'56 
(B9311slO)476 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


